Using Poly-L-Histidine Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode to Trace Hydroquinone in the Sewage Water

Wang, Bin; Huang, Jun Steed

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/701284

International Journal of Electrochemistry

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2014 | Article ID 701284 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/701284

Using Poly-L-Histidine Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode to Trace Hydroquinone in the Sewage Water

Bin Wang¹and Jun Steed Huang¹

Academic Editor: María Isabel Pividori

Received16 Mar 2014

Revised28 Jul 2014

Accepted25 Aug 2014

Published08 Sept 2014

Abstract

A sensitive voltammetric method for trace measurements of hydroquinone in the sewage water is described. The poly-L-histidine is prepared to modify the glassy carbon electrode in order to improve the electrochemical catalysis of interesting substances such as hydroquinone. The influence of the base solution, pH value, and scanning speed on the tracing of hydroquinone is discussed, and the experimental procedures and conditions are optimized. The laboratory results show that it is possible to construct a linear calibration curve between the peak current of hydroquinone on modified electrode and its concentration at the level of 0.00001 mol/L. The potential limitation of the method is suggested by a linear peaking shift model as well. The method was successfully applied to the determination of hydroquinone in the actual sample of industrial waste water.

1. Introduction

Hydroquinone (1,4-HQ) is a derivative of phenol, mainly used for black and white photographic developers, dyes, rubber antioxidants, earlier skin lightening cream, and so on [1]. Unfortunately the hydroquinone may induce apoptosis of hematopoietic stem cells and immune cells [2–5], which means that it is actually toxic to the body. The determination of the present of hydroquinone is of significance in physiology, medicine, and environment protection. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a rapid, convenient, and accurate method to determine its contamination levels. The commonly used detection methods include complicated gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [6], high performance liquid chromatography [7], flow injection chemiluminescence method [8], thin layer chromatography [9], spectrophotometry [10–12], fluorescence [13, 14], and electrochemical method [15, 16]. Comparing with above mentioned alternatives, electrochemical method has some obvious advantages, such as simple operation, high selectivity, and sensitivity. Currently, most electrochemical methods for hydroquinone determination are based on nanosensors. For example, nonsilver [17], nanoparticles La(OH)₃ [18], and nanocarbon electrode [19] have been successfully applied in the quantitative determination of hydroquinone. However, biological molecules modified electrodes, in particular amino acid modified electrodes, are seldom used to detect hydroquinone. Among these, the using of poly-L-histidine modified electrode to determine the hydroquinone level has not been reported yet. Note that the histidine among all the amino acids is the one responsible for passing biological signals across the growing cell membrane; the interaction between the histidine and the hydroquinone is worth further investigations. In this paper, we use cyclic voltammetric method to get poly-L-histidine modified onto the surface of glassy carbon electrode in order to tune the sensor for the maximum performance. We also study the electrochemical behavior of hydroquinone with the electrode and implement the quantitative tracing method and finally suggest a linear mathematical model for saving the amount of total laboratory time, by predicting the potential limit of outcomes. The measurement results are cross-checked with standard UV spectroscope.

2. Experiment

2.1. Experimental Reagent

Histidine and hydroquinone are purchased from Shanghai Chemical Reagent factory; histidine solution ( mol/L) is stored in the refrigerator (<4°C); other reagents are analytically pure. All the solutions are prepared with peroxide double-distilled water. The experiment is conducted at room temperature (21°C).

2.2. The Preparation of Poly-L-Histidine Modified Electrode

First of all, smooth the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) on metallographic sandpaper within #1~#7 progressively and then polish it with hyperfine Al₂O₃ suspension on silk with radius of 0.3 µm and 0.05 µm. After each polishing, wash the electrode surface with deionized water and then ultrasonically clean it for 2~3 minutes. Repeat this step for three times. Finally, ultrasonically clean it with 1 : 1 HCl solution, anhydrous ethanol, and double-distilled water, respectively, for 5 minutes. Use platinum electrodes as counter electrodes, processed glassy carbon electrodes as the working electrodes, and saturated calomel electrodes as reference electrodes to compose three-electrode system. Put the three-electrode system in 0.5 mol/L H₂SO₄ solution at −0.5 V~+1.6 V potential window, and cyclically scan it until it is stable with a scanning speed of 50 mV/s. Set the processed electrodes in double-distilled water for future use.

Set the above three-electrode system at 0.0025 mol/L histidine phosphate buffer solution (pH = 7.0, concentration = 0.2 mol/L) within the potential range of −1.2~2.0 V. Polymerize it for 15 laps with the electrochemical scanning rate of 50 mV/s. Then take it out to dry and finally get the poly-L-histidine (PLH) modified electrodes ready for use.

2.3. Characterization of PLH Modified Electrode

Impedance is an important parameter that is used to describe the surface properties and electrochemical impedance method can be easily used to analyze the stability of modified electrode membrane. Figure 1(a) is the impedance spectrum of bare glassy carbon electrode in aqueous potassium ferricyanide solution. The figure shows part of semicircle and Warburg straight line, which indicates that the electronic transmission block of GCE is small. Figure 1(b) is the electrochemical impedance spectrum of PLH/GCE electrode in the same aqueous solution. Compared with bare glassy carbon electrode, when PLH/GCE assembled completely, the impedance increases and Warburg line disappears, which indicates that the existence of the PLH polymerized membrane prevents the transmission of electron on electrode surface, as well as the successful preparation of PLH/GCE electrode.

(a)

(b)

Figures 2(a) and 2(b) show the scanning electron microscopy images of GCE and PLH/GCE. From Figure 2(b), we can see that PLH formed some complicated 3D fiber structure onto the GCH. This fiber structure will dilate in the solution and ease the electron passing to and from the substance to be detected.

(a)

(b)

2.4. Electric Catalytic Performance of Poly-L-Histidine Modified Electrode on Hydroquinone

Figure 3 indicates that the scanning curve a can be obtained from GCE electrode in mol/L hydroquinone standard H₂SO₄ (pH = 3.0) solution via cyclic voltammetry scanning. A small oxidation peak appears at 0.447 V, and a reduction peak appears at 0.089 V. Curve b is obtained from poly-L-histidine modified electrodes in standard H₂SO₄ (pH = 3.0) solution which contains mol/L hydroquinone via cyclic voltammetry scanning. A pair of redox peaks appear at 0.362 V and 0.295 V, with ΔE equal to 0.067 V. Compare Curve a and Curve b, the potential of oxidation peak in Curve b shifts negatively while the potential of reduction peak shifts positively. Furthermore, the difference between oxidation peak potential and reduction peak potential decreases rapidly which reduces the overpotential, improves the reaction reversibility, and increases the peak current significantly. Figure 4 is the differential pulse voltammetry, from which we see the response current of hydroquinone increasing from just GCE to PLH/GCE. The above phenomenon indicates that poly-L-histidine modified electrode produced electrochemical catalytic effects to hydroquinone. We believe that it is due to the hydrogen bonding interaction between oxygen atoms on carboxyl (–COO⁻) of poly-L-histidine, the nitrogen atom on amidogen (–NH₂), and hydrogen of hydroquinone. This makes the hydroquinone electrochemical reaction on the surface of modified electrodes more easy. The underlying processes are as follows: Therefore, poly-L-histidine modified electrodes improve the response of hydroquinone and can be used for sensitive detection of hydroquinone.

H₂SO₄ (pH = 3.0) solution contains mol/L hydroquinone. Potential range: −0.6 V~+1.0 V; scanning speed: 100 mV/s (Figure 3).

H₂SO₄ (pH = 3.0) solution contains mol/L hydroquinone. Potential: −0.05 V; scanning speed: 100 mV/s (Figure 4).

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Optimization of Modified Electrodes

3.1.1. Selection and Optimization of the pH Value for Decorating Poly-L-Histidine Base Solution

Keep the concentration of histidine unchanged and make a series of 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer solution with different pH values. Create different modified electrodes with the above solution as the base solution. Use the modified electrodes that we prepared before studying the hydroquinone of same concentration based on cyclic voltammetry. The result is shown in Figure 5. From the figure, we observe that in the range of pH = 5.0~8.5, the response current of the modified electrode to hydroquinone increases gradually at the beginning and decreases when pH > 7.0. This might be caused by the pH value which will affect the NH₂ and the COOH of PLH. When the pH is high, it affects the COOH part and when the pH is low, it affects the NH₂ part. We will investigate it more in future work. Therefore, we use phosphate buffer solution (PBS) with pH = 7.0 as the best base solution for decorating poly-L-histidine, where we use different phosphate buffer solution as the base solution of histidine to get the modified electrode via electrochemical method.

3.1.2. Optimization of the Amount of Modified Poly-L-Histidine

Use phosphate buffer solution with pH = 7.0 as the best solution of modified histidine and investigate the cyclic voltammogram lap effects of modified membrane on catalytic properties of hydroquinone. When we use poly-L-histidine modified electrodes with scanning laps of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 to detect hydroquinone, the peak current of modified electrode to hydroquinone increases with the increase of scanning laps. However, when the scanning number is more than 15, the peak current decreases, which could be caused by the insulation from the membrane itself or losing of certain quantum size effect [20] of the 3D molecular structure; this effect will be examined in another paper. For now, we just choose the poly-L-histidine modified electrodes with circular scanning of 15 laps.

3.1.3. Selection and Optimization of Scanning Speed

In the process of making poly-L-histidine modified electrodes, the scanning speed also plays an important role. We examined how it would affect the electrocatalysis to hydroquinone when using different scanning speeds of mV/s, 25 mV/s, 50 mV/s, 100 mV/s, 150 mV/s, and 180 mV/s. As can be shown in Figure 6, when the scanning speed is 50 mV/s, the peak current response of modified electrodes to hydroquinone reaches highest value. This may be affected by the sedimentation of poly-L-histidine 3D microstructure and electrochemical molecular dynamics; we plan to change the viscosity of the solution to verify fluid dynamics in future. For now, we just choose the scanning speed of 50 mV/s to prepare poly-L-histidine modified electrodes, where scannings are done on hydroquinone (both to be mol/L) with the same concentration, potential range: −0.6~1.0 V.

3.2. Cyclic Voltammetric Behavior of Hydroquinone on Poly-L-Histidine Modified Electrodes

3.2.1. The Selection and Optimization of pH Value for Supporting Electrolyte

In order to study the electrochemical behavior of hydroquinone on the surface of modified electrodes, we use the poly-L-histidine modified electrodes which were made in the above mentioned optimized condition. We choose H₂SO₄, HCl, NH₄Cl-NH₃·H₂O, HAc-NaAc, KCl, phosphate buffer solution (0.2 mol/L), and other supporting electrolytes which contain the same concentration of hydroquinone ( mol/L) to carry out cyclic voltammetric scanning. The result shows that hydroquinone performs the most sensitive peak current response in H₂SO₄ solution. This might be caused by the relative right molecular size or associated viscous dynamics. Thus H₂SO₄ solution is chosen to be the supporting electrolyte for now. After the determination of the best support electrolyte, we optimize its pH value. We prepare a series of H₂SO₄ solution (pH = 1.0–4.0) in the existence of mol/L hydroquinone and perform cyclic voltammetry test, respectively. Figure 7 shows the relationship between oxidation peak current of hydroquinone and pH value. Hydroquinone peak current changes along with pH value. value first increases and then decreases when pH value increases. It reaches the maximum when pH = 3.0. This should be caused by the oxygen atoms on ply-L-histidine carboxyl (–COO) and nitrogen atoms on amino group (–NH₂) via hydrogen bonds to hydroquinone, which activates OH and weakens OH bond energy, such that electrons are transferred via NH⋯OH bond and –COOH⋯H bond. When pH value is low, the concentration of H+ is too high; in this case nitrogen atoms on –NH₂ mainly exist in the form of –, which makes it difficult to form hydrogen bonds between electron on – and H on –OH of hydroquinone. When pH value is too high, it is too easy for hydroquinone to start oxidation reaction; in addition, the OH– in the solution will attract phenolic hydroxyl, which prevents the formation of hydrogen bonds between nitrogen atoms in poly-L-histidine molecules and phenolic hydroxyl and thus blocks electron transfer, deforms peak shape, reduces peak current, or even makes it disappear. Therefore, we choose H₂SO₄ solution with pH = 3.0 as the best supporting electrolyte.

The acidic mediator is with the same concentration ( mol/L) of hydroquinone. Curve 1 is acidic mediator solution with pH = 1.0; Curve 2 is acidic mediator solution with pH = 2.0; Curve 3 is acidic mediator with pH = 4.0; Curve 4 is acidic mediator with pH = 3.0. Scanning speed: 100 mV/s; scanning potential: −0.6 V~1.0 V.

3.2.2. Optimization of Preaccumulation Potential and Accumulation Time

The accumulation potential and accumulation time directly affect the accuracy and sensitivity of the quantitative measurement. This experiment is based on differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method and is operated in the solution which contains mol/L hydroquinone and uses H₂SO₄ with pH = 3.0 as the support base solution. It examines the influence of hydroquinone accumulation potential on oxidation peak current when the potential is of −0.06 V~1.0 V. The research shows that the peak current changes with the change of accumulation potential. When the accumulation potential is −0.05 V, it reaches the maximum. Thus we choose −0.05 V as the best accumulation. Accumulation time is optimized when fixed accumulation potential is −0.05 V, and mixing accumulation time is inspected in the range of 5 s to 40 s. Figure 8 shows that with increase of accumulation time, the oxidation peak current of hydroquinone also increases; then the increasing speed slows when accumulation time reaches 15 s. It keeps constant when the time increases from 20 s to 40 s, which indicates that the accumulation of hydroquinone has reached saturation. Therefore, we set the accumulation time to 20 s in the experiment. The reason that poly-L-hydroquinone accumulates so fast is because it contains two hydroxyl groups, which increases the speed of combining with membrane electrodes.

The accumulation potential: −0.05 V; scanning speed: 100 mV/S.

3.2.3. Relationship between Scanning Rate and Peak Current

We use the poly-L-histidine modified electrode prepared in the optimum condition and H₂SO₄ solution with pH = 3.0 as supporting electrolyte to test mol/L hydroquinone solution based on cyclic voltammetry. The experiment examines how hydroquinone peak current responds to poly-L-histidine modified electrode. The result is shown in Figure 9. We can observe that the oxidation peak current of hydroquinone increases with the increasing of scanning rate. In addition, there is a linear relationship between the peak current and scanning rate. The result shows the reaction of hydroquinone on poly-L-histidine modified electrode is controlled by adsorption.

(a)

(b)

The supporting base solution is H₂SO₄ with pH = 3.0 and hydroquinone ( mol/L); scanning rate is mV/s.

3.3. Linear Range and Limit of Detection

Under the optimum condition, we first accumulate hydroquinone for 20 s and fix the accumulation potential at −0.05 V. Then we select the different pulse voltammetry for the quantitative determination of hydroquinone. The result shows that the hydroquinone oxidation peak current on poly-L-histidine modified electrode has a linear relationship with the concentration for given scanning rate, as can be seen in Figure 10. The linear function is The correlation coefficient is 0.9968 and detection limit can reach mol/L for this set of rate.

Based on this set of experiments, we can forecast that if we keep increasing the scanning rate, the final peak current limit by the linear shifting model and by solving the above equation, we obtain the final scanning speed limit of 500 mV/s and the remaining current limit of 0.2 μA. This corresponds to the chemical detection limit at mol/L by the prediction method for this substance, where is the amount of peak difference between consecutive scans; the total number of calibration scannings can be reduced when the amount of shifting is noticeable, for example, >3 mV, where the step size is 50 mV/s.

3.4. Stability and Reproducibility

After the measurement, set the poly-L-histidine modified electrode in 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer solution (pH = 7.0) and stir for 60 s for electrode updating. Then continuously measure the same hydroquinone solution for 10 times and keep the reduction of peaking current below 8.0% and relative standard deviation (RSD) with 2.0%.

3.5. Sample Determination

Take two factory waste water samples without pretreatment and add them directly into H₂SO₄ electrolyte. Adjust the pH value to 3.0 and measure them using differential pulse voltammetry under optimized condition. Each water sample was measured three times. The result is shown in Table 1.

4. Conclusion and Future Work

In this work, we use carefully selected electrochemical procedure to modify the poly-L-histidine onto the glassy carbon electrode, which is then successfully applied to determine the presence of the hydroquinone in waste water. Both the oxygen atoms on poly-L-histidine carboxyl (–COO) and nitrogen atoms on amino (–NH₂) of poly-L-histidine modified electrodes produce hydrogen adsorption via hydrogen bonding with the hydrogen of hydroquinone. Thus the trace of hydroquinone shows good selectivity and high sensitivity, and we obtain satisfactory result in the experiment. We also noticed that the oxidizing current peak value and voltage position demonstrated some diminishing shifting patterns, by which we can predict the ultimate trace limitation of our method; for future work, we will examine if this particular shifting pattern is the signature between the hydroquinone and the poly-L-histidine or solely from the microstructure of the poly-L-histidine membrane; if it is the former, we will further investigate the potential bonding mechanism between hydroquinone and histidine that blocks histidine from passing the biological signal across the stem cells, and eventually causing the cancer; if it is the latter, we will also examine the potential quantum dot dynamic effect from the nanometer poly-L-histidine structure; then we will be trying to increase the sensitivity further by changing either the viscosity of solution or the shape of the electrode, to favor the peaking condition.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2014 Bin Wang and Jun Steed Huang. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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