Table 1: Baseline participant characteristics and risk-factor status ().

Characteristic M SD Age in years 30.7 5.9 Years of education completed 11.6 1.5 Estimated gestational age at study entry 20.5 7.9 % Race  Black 57.3%  White 42.7% Unemployed 90.9% Not currently married 87.5% On probation or parole 33.0% Self-reported substances used in the 30 days prior to treatment entry M SD Cocaine 13.4 12.2 Heroin 14.9 13.6 Other opioids 0.8 3.2 Alcohol 2.3 5.6 Risk Markers M SD Lifetime number of treatments for drug abuse 3.1 3.1 % Lifetime history of serious depression [yes] 53.4 Lifetime history of prostitution charges [yes] 24.7 Currently living in a private residence [yes] 70.5 Recent heroin injection history [yes] 30.3 Significant other currently uses drugs [yes] 23.1

Note. Six questions on the ASI were used to measure the 6 risk markers listed at the bottom of the table. In addition to these 6 markers, the 3 baseline characteristics of age, race, and estimated gestational age at study entry were examined as possible risk markers.