The Effect of Economic, Physical, and Psychological Abuse on Mental Health: A Population-Based Study of Women in the Philippines
Table 3
Multivariate analyses associations between economic, physical, and psychological abuse and suicide attempt and psychosocial stress.
Model variables
Suicide attempt
Psychosocial stress
Model
Model
Model
Model
Model
Model
Crude OR (95% CI)
Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Crude OR (95% CI)
Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Economic abuse (individual variables)
Not allowed to engage in legitimate work
No
1
1
1
1
1
1
Yes
1.52 (1.09–2.10)
1.14 (0.79–1.63)
1.14 (0.79–1.63)
0.79 (0.65–0.97)
0.65 (0.53–0.81)
0.65 (0.52–0.81)
Spouse controlled money or forced her to work
No
1
1
1
1
1
1
Yes
4.49 (2.96–6.80)
1.84 (1.13–2.99)
1.74 (1.06–2.86)
2.95 (2.02–4.32)
1.59 (1.04–2.43)
1.49 (0.97–2.29)
Destroyed personal property/pet or threaten to harm pet
No
1
1
1
1
1
1
Yes
3.43 (2.35–5.02)
1.44 (0.93–2.25)
1.31 (0.84–2.06)
2.93 (2.14–4.03)
1.69 (1.19–2.40)
1.59 (1.12–2.26)
Ever lost job/source of income because of husband
No
1
1
1
1
1
1
Yes
3.01 (1.95–4.65)
2.00 (1.24–3.23)
1.91 (1.18–3.08)
2.34 (1.65–3.32)
2.16 (1.49–3.13)
2.15 (1.47–3.13)
Physical IPV
No
1
1
1
1
1
1
Yes
3.45 (2.57–4.65)
1.97 (1.39–2.80)
1.91 (1.34–2.71)
2.59 (2.12–3.15)
1.80 (1.45–2.24)
1.81 (1.45–2.26)
Psychological IPV
No
1
1
1
1
1
1
Yes
3.67 (2.73–4.94)
2.19 (1.54–3.11)
2.02 (1.42–2.88)
2.60 (2.13–3.16)
1.84 (1.47–2.29)
1.75 (1.40–2.19)
Educational level
—
No education
0.69 (0.19–2.46)
Primary
1.39 (0.97–1.98)
Secondary or higher
1
Current working status
Unemployed
0.63 (0.46–0.86)
0.81 (0.68–0.96)
Employed
1
1
Wealth index
Poorest quintile
1.98 (0.93–4.22)
1.15 (0.83–1.58)
2nd poorest quintile
2.15 (1.03–4.48)
1.06 (0.78–1.45)
Middle quintile
2.21 (1.06–4.62)
0.89 (0.65–1.21)
2nd richest quintile
1.81 (0.84–3.92)
1.19 (0.86–1.65)
Richest quintile
1
1
Marital status
—
Never/formerly married
1
Currently married
1.54 (0.81–2.95)
Place of residence
Urban
1
1
1
Rural
1.24 (0.88–1.73)
1.32 (1.09–1.58)
Controlling behaviour
1
Yes
1.66 (1.11–2.49)
1.43 (1.19–1.72)
No
1
1
Note: OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; crude associations between outcomes and main exposure variables; adjusted associations between outcomes and main exposure variables; adjusted associations including sociodemographic confounders.
