Documentation of Significant Losses in Cornus florida L. Populations throughout the Appalachian Ecoregion

Table 1

Estimates of mean county level dogwood populations for times 1 and 2, mean difference, relative mean difference, and result of ANCOVA for each FIA regional unit.

			Time 1		Time 2				ANCOVA^(3)
State	FIA Unit Name	n ^(1)	Mean^(2)	SE	Mean	SE	Difference		Time effect		Covariate effect
			trees					percent	F(1,n)	P-value	F(1,n)	P-value
Alabama	West Central	9	20,695,764	3,274,020	10,031,008	2,016,787	−10,664,756	−52	12.29	.0032	4.68	.0472
(1990–2006)^(4)	North Central	15	21,507,327	2,943,946	13,406,251	1,840,435	−8,101,076	−38	9.17	.0054	3.31	.0799
	North	10	9,244,358	1,878,898	2,912,652	805,238	−6,331,706	−68	20.47	.0003	8.89	.0084
Georgia	North Central	32	7,313,091	805,778	4,458,056	577,459	−2,855,035	−39	19.63	<.0001	44.85	<.0001
(1989–2005)	Northern	21	13,073,967	1,412,887	7,310,997	944,318	−5,762,970	−44	24.93	<.0001	29.96	<.0001
Kentucky	Eastern	8	10,306,397	1,743,985	6,442,801	1,630,781	−3,863,597	−37	7.01	.0201	6.21	.𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟎
(1988–2005)	Northern Cumberland	13	9,990,609	1,275,932	4,001,196	800,892	−5,989,413	−60	18.77	.0002	2.21	.1510
	Southern Cumberland	12	13,763,014	2,296,954	7,067,097	938,907	−6,695,917	−49	18.32	.0003	10.98	.0033
	Bluegrass	23	1,039,546	424,357	974,558	198,036	−64,988	−6	0.40	.5308	1.71	.1981
	Pennyroyal	20	5,654,549	833,179	4,102,760	724,316	−1,551,789	−27	7.07	.0115	17.84	.0002
Maryland	Central	14	3,056,785	868,256	854,696	355,430	−2,202,089	−72	6.15	.0202	0.71	.4081
(1986–2005)	Western	2	6,446,816	4,483,348	2,721,425	2,721,425	−3,725,392	−58	18.82	.1442	18.74	.1445
NewJersey	New Jersey	10	1,988,159	832,293	1,056,032	670,973	−932,127	−47	0.70	.4155	0.02	.8852
(1987–2005)
NewYork	Lake Plain	4	888,319	647,869	391,994	391,994	−496,325	−56	0.77	.4216	0.73	.4332
(1993–2003)	Southwest Highlands	3	979,608	393,482	21,541	21,541	−958,067	−98	3.03	.1801	0.81	.4347
	South-Central Highlands	6	845,510	262,091	0	0	−845,510	−100	8.41	.0176	0.08	.7787
	Catskill-Lower Hudson	7	2,637,366	668,206	446,236	218,787	−2,191,130	−83	8.52	.0139	0.00	.9883
NorthCarolina	Piedmont	35	12,946,425	1,185,717	6,299,325	678,232	−6,647,100	−51	46.25	<.0001	30.34	<.0001
(1984–2005)	Mountains	21	15,561,452	2,239,385	3,889,770	1,055,649	−11,671,681	−75	40.21	<.0001	13.74	.0006
Ohio	South-Central	10	12,575,259	3,327,952	2,949,358	917,571	−9,625,901	−77	18.20	.0005	9.59	.0065
(1991–2005)	Southeastern	7	16,271,863	3,664,634	4,594,509	820,116	−11,677,355	−72	12.12	.0051	1.88	.1981
	East-Central	11	9,344,192	1,808,647	3,547,333	1,074,389	−5,796,859	−62	9.69	.0057	1.91	.1827
	Northeastern	14	2,358,145	635,583	542,080	168,966	−1,816,064	−77	7.47	.0114	0.11	.7412
	Southwestern	10	2,640,831	1,469,844	468,895	210,824	−2,171,937	−82	6.54	.0204	9.85	.0060
	Northwestern	8	1,822,098	797,893	266,995	185,833	−1,555,103	−85	6.53	.0240	7.36	.0177
Pennsylvania	South Central	9	4,059,553	803,890	1,012,088	321,546	−3,047,465	−75	18.65	.0006	4.60	.0489
(1989–2004)	Western	11	6,083,886	1,372,618	2,025,858	646,447	−4,058,028	−67	9.47	.0062	2.71	.1162
	North Central/Allegheny	12	1,530,963	347,328	1,543,194	649,859	12,231	1	0.11	.7466	1.49	.2358
	Southwestern	5	6,139,095	3,209,492	1,490,563	1,265,416	−4,648,532	−76	2.50	.1579	0.80	.4009
	Northeastern/Pocono	11	1,476,173	435,794	831,137	548,256	−645,036	−44	1.84	.1908	5.77	.0267
	Southeastern	11	2,750,142	669,852	681,959	269,232	−2,068,183	−75	15.54	.0009	11.55	.0030
SouthCarolina	Piedmont	18	14,121,375	1,782,213	8,456,840	937,465	−5,664,534	−40	12.76	.0011	4.68	.0379
(1986–2006)
Tennessee	Plateau	16	14,451,884	2,345,046	4,144,037	510,643	−10,307,847	−71	32.60	<.0001	10.72	.0027
(1989–2005)	East	27	9,121,866	1,349,548	3,603,451	480,197	−5,518,414	−60	24.19	<.0001	9.10	.0040
Virginia	Southern Piedmont	17	14,397,395	1,386,403	8,384,910	677,451	−6,012,485	−42	32.03	<.0001	15.67	.0004
(1984–2006)	Northern Piedmont	17	11,557,137	1,619,409	4,384,169	785,853	−7,172,968	−62	45.37	<.0001	25.94	<.0001
	Northern Mountains	14	12,462,577	1,997,602	2,373,419	576,140	−10,089,157	−81	41.67	<.0001	13.44	<.0001
	Southern mountains	17	9,589,499	853,928	3,115,279	508,146	−6,474,220	−68	63.99	<.0001	10.33	<.0001
WestVirginia	Northeastern	18	7,646,410	1,342,850	2,716,840	942,141	−4,929,570	−64	8.85	.0054	0.07	.7944
(1989–2005)	Southern	14	15,904,120	1,773,008	2,106,411	696,818	−13,797,709	−87	59.06	<.0001	3.03	.0940
	Northwestern	19	8,519,707	1,562,666	4,188,189	1,043,101	−4,331,518	−51	12.45	.0012	20.05	<.0001

⁽¹⁾Number of counties located within the unit.
⁽²⁾Mean number of dogwood stems greater than 1-inch diameter in counties located within the unit.
⁽³⁾Type III tests comparing time 1 county-level estimates to time 2 county-level estimates with change in stand density as the covariate.
⁽⁴⁾Inventory year associated with each state for both time 1 and time 2.