Production Costs and Markets for Pellet Chips: Case Studies in Northern Sweden

Table 1

Properties of pellets and chips according to standard [16] and the Fuel Handbook [55]. MC: moisture content, LHV: lower heating value.

	Pellets (8 mm)	Chips
Particle size	∅8mm±0.1mm, 3.15mm≤Length≤40mm	3.15mm≤Length≤6mm
Fines	≤3 mm, 12% wt	≤3.15 mm, 1% wt
MC, % wt (as delivered)	<10	<10
Ash content, % wt (dry basis)	<0.7	<0.7
Volatile content,* % wt (dry basis)	81	84
LHV, MJ kg^−1 (at 10% MC)	17.0	17.0
C	49.6–53.13	49.6–53.13
H	5.8–6.2	5.8–6.2
O	38.1–40.8	38.1–40.8
N	0.3–0.8	0.3–0.8
S	0.04–0.06	0.04–0.06
Cl	0.02–0.03	0.02–0.03
Bulk density (t·m^−3 solid)	0.550–0.700; Assumed in this study: 0.720 (at 5.5% MC) [33]	Not specified by standard, 0.220 (at 26% MC) assumed in this study [33]

*For wood fuel.