Schematic representation of the insulin-signaling pathway. Dashed light-blue line borders indicate insulin-signaling inhibitor proteins. PTPRF = protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type F; ENPP1 = ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1; PTPN1 = protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 1; IRS = insulin receptor substrate; PI3K = phosphoinositides 3 kinase; nck = noncatalytic region of tyrosine kinase adaptor protein 1; INPPL1 = inositol polyphosphate phosphatase-like 1; TRIB3 = tribbles homolog 3; mTOR = mammalian target of rapamycin; Foxo = forkhead box protein O1; BAD = Bcl-2-associated death promoter; PHAS-I = phosphorylated heat-and acid-stable protein regulated by insulin; and p70S6K = p70-ribosomal S6 kinase.