A Comparison Effect of Copper Nanoparticles versus Copper Sulphate on Juvenile Epinephelus coioides: Growth Parameters, Digestive Enzymes, Body Composition, and Histology as Biomarkers

Table 3

Effects of Cu-NPs and CuSO₄ on whole-body fatty acid composition of juvenile Epinephelus coioides after 25 days exposure.

Fatty acid	Treatments
	Control	20 μg Cu L^−1; as CuSO4	20 μg Cu L^−1; as Cu-NPs	100 μg Cu L^−1; as CuSO4	100 μg Cu L^−1; as Cu-NPs
	% total fatty acids
C14:0	1.39 ± 0.06^c	1.41 ± 0.03^c	1.33 ± 0.07^c	2.43 ± 0.07^a	1.87 ± 0.10^b
C15:0	0.25 ± 0.03^bc	0.24 ± 0.02^c	0.36 ± 0.05^ab	0.39 ± 0.06^a	0.28 ± 0.04^abc
C16:0	18.13 ± 1.31^a	18.28 ± 1.33^a	17.69 ± 1.56^a	20.35 ± 1.44^a	18.26 ± 1.20^a
C16:1	2.51 ± 0.07^e	2.72 ± 0.04^d	2.96 ± 0.07^c	4.04 ± 0.09^a	3.42 ± 0.10^b
C17:0	0.36 ± 0.08^a	0.38 ± 0.05^a	0.37 ± 0.09^a	0.49 ± 0.11^a	0.36 ± 0.16^a
C18:0	8.22 ± 1.22^a	8.52 ± 1.75^a	8.57 ± 1.42^a	8.04 ± 1.11^a	8.34 ± 1.38^a
C18:1	17.16 ± 0.06^c	17.25 ± 0.05^c	17.09 ± 0.04^c	19.03 ± 0.07^a	17.79 ± 0.11^b
C18:2	21.77 ± 2.03^a	21.03 ± 2.08^a	20.45 ± 2.01^a	21.17 ± 2.33^a	21.99 ± 1.99^a
C18:3	1.72 ± 0.04^b	1.50 ± 0.06^c	1.72 ± 0.08^b	1.91 ± 0.09^b	2.13 ± 0.10^a
C20:0	0.30 ± 0.03^ab	0.37 ± 0.03^a	0.33 ± 0.02^ab	0.35 ± 0.01^ab	0.29 ± 0.04^b
C20:1	0.62 ± 0.07^a	0.68 ± 0.06^a	0.72 ± 0.08^a	0.73 ± 0.04^a	0.71 ± 0.05^a
C20:5 EPA	5.48 ± 0.11^b	5.97 ± 0.18^a	6.25 ± 0.14^a	4.00 ± 0.17^c	5.31 ± 0.12^b
C22:0	0.10 ± 0.01^c	0.14 ± 0.09^c	0.28 ± 0.02^b	0.47 ± 0.05^a	0.13 ± 0.01^c
C22:5DPA	1.65 ± 0.06^ab	1.51 ± 0.06^b	1.82 ± 0.09^a	1.20 ± 0.11^c	1.59 ± 0.12^ab
C22:6DHA	17.91 ± 1.02^a	17.27 ± 1.22^ab	17.19 ± 1.31^ab	12.71 ± 1.23^c	14.54 ± 1.11^bc
∑SFA	28.75 ± 0.39^b	29.34 ± 0.47^b	28.91 ± 0.46^b	32.53 ± 0.41^a	29.53 ± 0.42^b
∑MUFA	20.29 ± 0.07^d	20.65 ± 0.05^c	20.76 ± 0.06^c	23.80 ± 0.07^a	21.92 ± 0.09^b
∑PUFA	48.52 ± 0.65^a	47.29 ± 0.72^ab	47.42 ± 0.73^ab	41.00 ± 0.79^c	45.56 ± 0.69^b
Others	2.44 ± 0.64^a	2.72 ± 0.72^a	2.91 ± 0.72^a	2.67 ± 0.73^a	2.88 ± 0.78^a

Data are means ± S.E.M (n = 3). Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) among treatments were indicated by different letters in each row. EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid; DPA: dichloropropanoic acid; DHA: docosahexaenoic acid; ∑SFA: total saturated fatty acids; ∑MUFA: total monounsaturated fatty acids; ∑PUFA: total polyunsaturated fatty acids.