A Genomic Analysis of <i>Bacillus megaterium</i> HT517 Reveals the Genetic Basis of Its Abilities to Promote Growth and Control Disease in Greenhouse Tomato

Yang, Wei; Zhao, Yingnan; Yang, Yang; Zhang, Minshuo; Mao, Xiaoxi; Guo, Yanjie; Li, Xiangyu; Tao, Bu; Qi, Yongzhi; Ma, Li; Liu, Wenju; Li, Bowen; Di, Hong J.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2093029

International Journal of Genomics

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2022 | Article ID 2093029 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2093029

A Genomic Analysis of Bacillus megaterium HT517 Reveals the Genetic Basis of Its Abilities to Promote Growth and Control Disease in Greenhouse Tomato

Wei Yang,¹Yingnan Zhao,¹Yang Yang,¹Minshuo Zhang,¹Xiaoxi Mao,¹Yanjie Guo,¹Xiangyu Li,¹Bu Tao,²Yongzhi Qi,²Li Ma,³Wenju Liu,¹and Bowen Li¹ et al.

Academic Editor: Ferenc Olasz

Received16 Sept 2022

Revised05 Dec 2022

Accepted09 Dec 2022

Published27 Dec 2022

Abstract

Bacillus megaterium is well known as a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium, but the relevant molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of B. megaterium HT517 on the growth and development of and the control of disease in greenhouse tomato and its mechanism of action. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effect of B. megaterium on tomato growth, and this experiment included the HT517 group ( cfu/pot) and the control group (inoculated with the same amount of sterilized suspension). An antagonistic experiment and a plate confrontation experiment were conducted to study the antagonistic effect of B. megaterium and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to determine the metabolite composition and metabolic pathway of HT517. PacBio+Illumina HiSeq sequencing was utilized for map sequencing of the samples. An in-depth analysis of the functional genes related to the secretion of these substances by functional bacteria was conducted. HT517 could secrete organic acids that solubilize phosphorus, promote root growth, secrete auxin, which that promotes early flowering and fruiting, and alkaloids, which control disease, and reduce the incidence of crown rot by 51.0%. The complete genome sequence indicated that the strain comprised one circular chromosome with a length of 5,510,339 bp (including four plasmids in the genome), and the GC content accounted for 37.95%. Seven genes (pyk, aceB, pyc, ackA, gltA, buk, and aroK) related to phosphate solubilization, five genes (trpA, trpB, trpS, TDO2, and idi) related to growth promotion, eight genes (hpaB, pheS, pheT, ileS, pepA, iucD, paaG, and kamA) related to disease control, and one gene cluster of synthetic surfactin were identified in this research. The identification of molecular biological mechanisms for extracellular secretion by the HT517 strain clarified that its organic acids solubilized phosphorus, that auxin promoted growth, and that alkaloids controlled tomato diseases.

1. Introduction

In 1935, the former Soviet scholar Monkina isolated Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum (B. megaterium), which could decompose organophosphorus compounds, such as lecithin or nucleic acid from chernozem, applied it to decompose organophosphorus compounds in soil, and started research on the artificial production of phosphorus bacterial fertilizer [1]. In recent years, with the wide application of microbial fertilizers in agriculture, B. megaterium has been studied intensively for its phosphorus dissolving function in soil and has become a common microbial fertilizer strain, playing an exceptional role in dissolving phosphorus and potassium, promoting growth, and controlling plant diseases [2–5]. Although the absolute content of phosphorus in the soil was high, the availability of phosphorus was low, mainly in the form of insoluble inorganic phosphorus or organophosphorus, which was difficult for plants to directly absorb and utilize [6]. At present, it is widely believed that the dissolution mechanism of inorganic phosphorus mainly includes dissolving insoluble phosphate directly by secreting organic acids (lactic acid, succinic acid [7], gluconic acid, citric acid, and oxalic acid) and releasing phosphate through chelating metal ions in soil [8]. The primary mechanism of organophosphorus dissolution is enzymatic hydrolysis [9]. It was found in previous studies that the application of a microbial inoculant containing B. megaterium during the planting period could significantly increase the content of available P and available K in pepper rhizosphere soil by approximately 30% and the phosphorus and potassium uptake of pepper plants by approximately 40%, significantly reducing the incidence of soil-borne diseases [10]. Other studies showed that B. megaterium JD-2 had a strong ability to dissolve organophosphorus and inorganic phosphorus, and its fermentation broth could increase the available phosphorus content by two times after being inoculated into soil [11]. The soil available P concentration was significantly increased by 22.8%, 135%, and 95.1% by applying a microbial inoculant containing B. megaterium and Paenibacillus mucilaginosus in lightly salinized soil planted with tomato, watermelon, and melon [12].

Considering the mechanisms of B. megaterium, B. megaterium can promote cucumber yield by producing 3-indoleacetic acid, and it can produce cytokinin at low concentrations, promoting soybean plant growth [13]. B. megaterium JX285 secretes organic acids that solubilize phosphate and has a gene related to citrate synthase synthesis in its gene sequence [14]. Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria can secrete many extracellular enzymes, which play an active role in the mineralization of soil organophosphorus [15]. Some studies have shown that B. megaterium can produce two kinds of antagonistic factors, such as lipopeptide antibiotics and antagonistic proteins, which have antibacterial effects on pathogenic bacteria [16]. A surfactant secreted by B. megaterium had antiviral, antimycoplasma, and antibacterial activities and could destroy viral lipid membranes [17]. Surfactants are controlled by the sfp coding gene, and the ability of wild B. megaterium to produce surfactant is positively correlated with its ability to produce inducible resistant substances and its resistance to gray mold [18]. B. megaterium HGS7 consistently exhibits antagonistic activity against phytopathogens and strong tolerance to abiotic stress in vitro [19]. In recent studies, genomic analysis has become an effective segmental approach in exploring strain function [20–23]. In general, most studies on the growth promotion and disease control capabilities of B. megaterium have focused on effect testing. Although it has been revealed that B. megaterium secretes organic acids, auxin, and antimicrobials according to the literature [14, 16, 17], few studies have investigated the expression of related genes in B. megaterium. Complete genome sequencing would be more helpful to explain the mechanisms of B. megaterium biochemical activities, which would have high academic and practical value.

Based on the aforementioned, this study performed whole genome sequencing of B. megaterium (HT517) to explore related genes based on its effects of growth promotion and disease control. To achieve this aim, a greenhouse tomato pot experiment was conducted to verify the growth promotion and disease resistance effects of B. megaterium. The composition of the extracellular secretion was analyzed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. PacBio+Illumina HiSeq whole-genome sequencing was utilized to analyze genes and metabolic pathways related to the effects of growth promotion and disease control. These analyses may help identify the functional genes of B. megaterium with the aim of enhancing the utilization of the positive biochemical capabilities of this strain.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Pot Experiment

2.1.1. Suspension of Potted Bacteria

The bacterial strain used in this study was B. megaterium (HT517), provided by Hebei Runwo Biotechnology Company, Dongmagezhuang Village, Anci District, Langfang City, Hebei Province, China; the B. megaterium inoculant was prepared with an initial content of cfu/mL. A suspension of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Pathogen F) was provided by the College of Plant Protection of Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China, with an initial viable fungal number of cfu/mL.

2.1.2. Experimental Design

The experimental design included two treatments. The first treatment group involved an experiment to identify the effects of B. megaterium on tomato growth, in which each pot containing a normal tomato seedling was inoculated with 2 mL of a suspension of B. megaterium (HT517) at the cell concentration mentioned above; as a control (CK), each pot/tomato seedling was inoculated with 2 mL of a sterilized suspension of B. megaterium (HT517) at the same cell concentration as the experimental group. The second treatment group was an antagonistic experiment to study the effects on tomato seedlings of a dual inoculation of the beneficial B. megaterium and the common tomato pathogen F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, which we called pathogen F. Each pot containing a tomato seedling that had been infected with pathogen F as described below was inoculated with 2 mL of a suspension of B. megaterium (HT517), and as a control, tomato seedlings treated with sterilized pathogen F (following the same procedure as described below) were inoculated with 2 mL of sterilized B. megaterium (HT217) bacterial suspension. All treatment groups included three replicates.

According to the experimental scheme, tomato seedlings were planted in plastic pots with a diameter of 15 cm, and each pot was filled with 500 g of 2 mm sieved dry soil and one tomato plant. To observe and record, every 10 pots were a basic treatment unit, randomly arranged in the climate chamber. For the treatments of tomato seedlings infected by pathogen F, the tomato seedlings were washed with sterile water to remove root matrix before transplanting, and then, the epidermis of the stem base was scratched with a sterilized scalpel. Tomato roots were immersed in pathogen F spore suspension (or sterilized Pathogen F suspension) for 5 minutes before transplanting. The B. megaterium treatments were inoculated with bacterial suspensions, and CK was inoculated with the same amount of sterilized bacterial suspension. After transplanting, 100 mL of water was irrigated in each pot, and then, 100 mL of water was irrigated every two days. The conventional management of tomato plants was consistent among the different treatments. Plant growth and disease were observed regularly after transplanting.

2.2. Sample Collection and Measurement

At 30 days after tomato transplanting, the plant height, stem diameter, root weight, leaf number, chlorophyll, and shoot biomass were measured. In addition, the flowering time of each treatment was observed and recorded from the time of transplanting to the time of first flowering, and the average value was taken as the early flowering time. The disease condition of each treatment was observed, and the number of diseased plants in different treatments was recorded from transplanting to the end of the experiments.

2.3. Plate Confrontation Experiment

A plate confrontation experiment was carried out to study the interactions of B. megaterium and the fungal pathogen F. A piece of pathogenic fungus mat was inoculated/placed in the center of a PDA(Potato Dextrose Agar) plate, and the B. megaterium (HT517) was inoculated onto the agar surface approximately 2 cm from the fungal inoculum using a sterilized toothpick. The bacteria/fungus co-culture was maintained at 28°C for 4 days, and the presence and size of the inhibition zones were observed and recorded. The experiment consisted of 2 treatments and 10 replicates. Treatment 1: inoculated with B. megaterium (HT517); treatment 2: no inoculation of B. megaterium as a blank control (CK). The calculation method of inhibition mycelial growth rate (%): (average diameter of control group − average diameter of treated group)/average diameter of control group × 100%.

2.4. Analysis and Determination of Extracellular Metabolites and Whole Genome Sequencing

First, the shake flask culture medium of B. megaterium HT517 was prepared. The formula was peptone 1.0%, yeast extract 0.7%, starch 2.0%, MgSO₄ 0.2%, K₂HPO₄ 0.2%, (NH₄)₂SO₄ 0.2%, and agar 2.0% (pH 7.2). The HT517 strain was then inoculated on sporogenous medium, activated at 28°C for 3 days, transferred to a shake flask, and cultured at 28°C for 12 hours until the log phase of growth. After centrifugation for 10 minutes at 10,000 rpm using a low-temperature (4°C) centrifuge, the supernatant was transferred to a sterile drying tube, frozen at −80°C, and freeze-dried to obtain B. megaterium HT517 freeze-dried powder, which was used for the analysis and determination of extracellular metabolites.

At the same time, the lower thallus was repeatedly washed and centrifuged with sterile water five times and then transferred to a sterile EP(eppendorf) tube and stored at −80°C for freezing to obtain the test sample of B. megaterium HT517. Shanghai Majorbio Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China, conducted the whole genome sequencing analysis.

2.5. Statistical Analysis

Data analysis and visualization were performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0 and Excel 2019 software. The datasets involved in this study were subjected to Tukey’s multiple comparison tests according to the least significant difference values at the level of , and independent-sample T tests with significance levels set to or . The metabolomics and genomics data were analyzed using the Majorbio Cloud platform of Shanghai Majorbio Biopharm Technology Company, Shanghai, China.

3. Results

3.1. Effects of B. megaterium on Tomato Growth and Development

At 30 days after tomato transplanting, compared with CK, the root weight, plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, chlorophyll content, and shoot biomass in the HT517 treatment were significantly increased by 108.41%, 30.00%, 34.49%, 47.22%, 7.79%, and 31.23%, respectively. In addition, the early flowering time of tomato was 8.2 days earlier, and the number of fruit ears increased by 1.1 counts with the HT517 treatment (Table 1). These results indicated that B. megaterium HT517 significantly promoted the growth, early flowering time, and increased fruiting of tomato.

3.2. Effects of B. megaterium on Tomato; the Fungal Tomato Pathogen Fusarium

At 30 days after tomato transplanting, the effect of B.megaterium on tomato infected with fungal pathogen F was studied by inoculating tomato seedlings with B. megaterium HT517 and F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. B. megaterium HT517 effectively inhibited the growth of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici mycelium, and the inhibition rate was 57.26% (Figure 1). In terms of plant morbidity, there were significant differences between HT517 and CK.

The potted antagonistic experiment of tomato seedlings inoculated with F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici showed that B. megaterium HT517 significantly reduced the incidence of tomato crown rot by 51.0% (Figure 1), indicating that B. megaterium HT517 could effectively inhibit continuous cropping diseases.

3.3. Compositional Analysis of Extracellular Metabolites of B. megaterium

As shown in Figure 2, the fermentation centrifuge supernatant of B. megaterium HT517 could be divided into the following: lipids and lipid-like molecules accounted for 56.50%, organic acids and derivatives accounted for 17.18%, organoheterocyclic compounds accounted for 8.01%, organic oxygen compounds accounted for 6.09%, benzenoids accounted for 3.71%, phenylpropanoids and polyketides accounted for 3.39%, organic nitrogen compounds accounted for 1.47%, organooxygen compounds accounted for 0.82%, hydrocarbons accounted for 0.82%, nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogs accounted for 0.55%, organohalogen compounds accounted for 0.18%, alkaloids and derivatives accounted for 0.18%, lignans, neolignans, and related compounds accounted for 0.09%, organic compounds accounted for 0.05%, organonitrogen compounds accounted for 0.05%, organometallic compounds accounted for 0.05%, and organic 1,3-dipolar compounds accounted for 0.05%. Extracellular metabolites were mainly composed of lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids and derivatives, organoheterocyclic compounds, organic oxygen compounds, benzenoids, phenylpropanoids, and polyketides, accounting for 95.51% of the total components. Interestingly, some macromolecular compounds, including organic acids and derivatives (lipids, sugar, and benzene), activated soil nutrients and promoted the formation of soil clay.

3.4. Main Metabolic Pathways of B. megaterium

The extracellular metabolites of B. megaterium HT517 were matched with the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, and 1,204 substances participated in 251 metabolic pathways, including 3 conventional metabolic pathways and the number of substances involved: 161 metabolic pathways, 70 biosynthesis of secondary metabolites pathways, and 27 microbial metabolism pathways. As shown in Figure 3, the top 20 metabolic pathways and the number of substances involved in B. megaterium HT517 were as follows: 29 biosynthesis of antibiotics, 24 biosynthesis of amino acids, 20 bile secretion, 20 ATP-binding cassette transporters, 18 glycerophospholipid metabolism, 17 arachidonic acid metabolism, 16 choline metabolism in cancer, 15 neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction, 15 2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism, 12 protein digestion and absorption, 11 lysine degradation, 11 tropane, piperidine, and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis, 10 linoleic acid metabolism, 10 fat digestion and absorption, 10 purine metabolism, 10 arginine and proline metabolism, 10 serotonergic synapse, 10 aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, and 10 ubiquinone and other terpenoid–quinone biosynthesis. Overall, the main metabolic pathways involved in B. megaterium HT517 included solubilization of phosphate and potassium, the hormones of flowering and fruiting, and antagonizing bacterial alkaloids.

Figure 4 shows that B. megaterium HT517 could secrete 23 substances (Figure 4(a)), gibberellin A3 (Figure 4(b)), and 3-indoleacetic acid (Figure 4(c)) to participate in the biosynthesis of amino acids, diterpenoid biosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transduction. The red points in Figure 4 represent metabolites secreted by B. megaterium HT517 involved in the action sites of three metabolic pathways, ko01230, ko00904, and ko04075, indicating that B. megaterium HT517 could secrete amino acids, gibberellin A3, and 3-indoleacetic acid and stimulate cell enlargement by compounding AUX(Auxin)/IAA(Indoleacetic Acid), GH3(Indole 3 acetoamide synthetase), and SAUR(Auxin response protein), which could accelerate vegetative growth and reproductive growth, and increase root weight and early flowering and fruiting. As shown in Figure 5, B. megaterium HT517 could secrete ajmaline and tryptamine (Figure 5(a)), paxilline (Figure 5(c)), pelletierine, piperidine, ecgonine methyl ester, methylisopelletierine, phenyllactic acid, L-phenylalanine, L-lysine, L-isoleucine, L-pipecolic acid, 5-aminopentanal, and D-lysine (Figure 5(b)), which participated in the synthesis of indole alkaloid biosynthesis (Figure 5(a)), indole diterpene alkaloid biosynthesis (Figure 5(c)), and tropane, piperidine, and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis (Figure 5(b)), respectively. The red points in Figure 5 show that the action sites of B. megaterium HT517 are involved in the three metabolic pathways of ko00901, ko00403, and ko00960. Therefore, B. megaterium HT517 could metabolize and synthesize alkaloids that had antagonistic effects on pathogenic bacteria, thus playing a role in preventing and controlling plant diseases.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(b)

(c)

3.5. Whole Genome of B. megaterium

As shown in Figure 6, the whole genome of B. megaterium HT517 was a ring chromosome with a length of 5,510,339 bp (including four plasmids in the genome), and GC(GC content is the proportion of Guanine and Cytosine in the whole genome of the subject) content accounted for 37.95%. The prediction showed that the genome had 5,923 CDSs(Coding sequences), and the coding sequence accounted for 82.10% of the whole chromosome sequence, with an average length of 763.76 bp. RNA gene analysis showed that the B. megaterium HT517 chromosome encoded 21 kinds of 116 tRNA genes and 40 rRNA genes, including 13 16S rRNA, 13 23S rRNA, and 14 5S rRNA. The prediction of repeat sequences showed that there were 90 repeated sequences, with a total length of 19,077 bp, accounting for 0.35% of the total chromosome length.

3.6. Prediction and Classification of Gene Function of B. megaterium

The COG(Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins) functional classification genome of B. megaterium HT517 is shown in Figure 7. During the COG prediction process, 4,372 protein sequences were found to have COG numbers, accounting for 73.81% of the total predicted proteins. Relatively more chromosomal proteins were involved in information storage, processing, and metabolism, which accounted for 16.32% and 39.33% of the total predicted proteins, respectively. Among them, relatively more chromosomal protein sequences were involved in metabolism, transcription, and energy production and conversion, such as amino acid transport and metabolism, COG category K (transcription), COG category G (carbohydrate transport and metabolism), COG category P (inorganic ion transport and metabolism), and COG category C (energy production and conversion), accounting for 10.07%, 8.70%, 7.44%, 6.02%, and 5.75% of the total predicted proteins, respectively. It was summarized that B. megaterium HT517 had strong functions of secreting organic acids and transporting inorganic ions.

The KEGG database was used to analyze the metabolic pathways and regulatory networks of all genes predicted by the genome of B. megaterium HT517 (Figure 8). A total of 2,621 genes in the genome of B. megaterium HT517 were involved in 6 primary classified metabolic pathways and 39 secondary classified metabolic pathways, of which the primary classified metabolic pathways were present: cellular processes, metabolism, human diseases, genetic information processing, organismal systems, and environmental information processing. In the secondary classified metabolic pathway, the genome of B. megaterium HT517 was involved in 323 carbohydrate metabolism, 288 global and overview maps, 288 amino acid metabolism, 197 metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, 196 membrane transport, 160 energy metabolism, 142 signal transduction, 108 nucleotide metabolism, 99 lipid metabolism, and 88 translation.

3.7. Genes Related to Secretion of Organic Acids in Solubilizing Phosphorus by B. megaterium

According to the whole genome sequencing results of B. megaterium HT517 (Table 2), the functional genes and metabolic pathways were selected. For example, pyruvate, malate, citrate, shikimic, acetate, butyrate, and other organic acids, which had seven related functional genes pyk, aceB, pyc, ackA, gltA, buk, and aroK, were involved in the citric acid cycle, pyruvate metabolism, propionic acid metabolism, methyl butyrate metabolism, and the biosynthesis of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan of 15 metabolic pathways of ko00020, ko00230, ko00400, ko00430, ko00620, ko00630, ko00640, ko00650, ko00680, ko00720, ko01200, ko01210, ko01230, ko04922, and ko05230. B. megaterium HT517 had the above 7 related functional genes and 15 metabolic pathways.

3.8. Genes Related to the Secretion of Auxin by B. megaterium

Five related functional genes of trpA, trpB, trpS, TDO2, and idi involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoid compounds, such as 3-indoleacetic acid and gibberellin were identified from the metabolic pathway of B. megaterium HT517, which is involved in the metabolism pathways of tryptophan, glycine, serine, threonine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and terpenoid biosynthesis, namely ko00260, ko00380, ko00400, ko00900, ko00970, and ko01230 (Table 3). The results indicated that B. megaterium HT517 could stimulate vegetative growth and reproductive growth by participating in the biosynthesis of terpenoids, such as 3-indoleacetic acid and gibberellin, thus promoting root development and early flowering and fruiting.

3.9. Genes Related to the Secretion of Pathogenic Bacteria Antagonized by B. megaterium

The KEGG database was used to analyze the metabolic pathways of B. megaterium HT517. It was found that eight related genes of hpaB, pheS, pheT, ileS, pepA, iucD, paaG, and kamA participated in the biosynthesis of scopolamine, pethidine, and pyridine alkaloids, which are involved in six metabolic pathways of ko00220, ko00310, ko00350, ko00360, ko00480, and ko00970 in the biosynthesis of amino acids, such as arginine, lysine, and tyrosine and the degradation of aromatic compounds, respectively (Table 4). It was indicated that B. megaterium HT517 could antagonize pathogens and prevent and control diseases by participating in the biosynthesis of scopolamine, pethidine, and pyridine alkaloids. Furthermore, by analyzing the secondary metabolite synthesis gene cluster of B. megaterium HT517 through the antiSMASH software, it was found that B. megaterium HT517 had a gene cluster consisting of 24 genomes that could synthesize bacteriostatic surfactin (Figure 9). Therefore, this could be the key factor of B. megaterium HT517 antagonizing F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici.

4. Discussion

In this experiment, it was obvious that B. megaterium promoted tomato roots and increased the quantity of roots by more than 108.4% (Table 1). We also found that B. megaterium could promote tomato flowering 8.2 days earlier and increase the average fruit ears by 1.1. The common natural auxin secreted is indole-3-acetic acid, which can promote the growth and morphological development of the root system and enhance the uptake of soil nutrients by plants [24]. Therefore, the growth of the plant root system can be promoted by secreting indoleacetic acid and cytokinin. Some studies have shown that hormones can stimulate early flowering and fruiting [25, 26]. Plant flowering is controlled by two hormones, “Florigen” and “Gibberellin.” When the level of “Florigen” is sufficient to stimulate the apical buds to blossom, the plants start to blossom, and the newly formed nutrient buds are temporarily inhibited by the local “anti-Florigen” signal [27]. Therefore, HT517 can produce gibberellin and other hormones to promote early flowering and fruiting of tomato.

We found that B. megaterium had a significant antagonistic effect against F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, and inoculation with B. megaterium suspension could significantly reduce the incidence of tomato crown rot by more than 50%. Previous studies have also found that B. megaterium has an antagonistic function against pathogens [16, 28–30]. B. megaterium can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria, such as tomato bacterial wilt and watermelon fusarium wilt [31]. B. megaterium can inhibit aflatoxin biosynthesis in peanuts through competitive growth and the production of secondary metabolites [32]. Unsaturated fatty acids produced by B. megaterium L2 could inhibit the growth of filamentous fungi and yeasts [33]. Therefore, the antagonistic effect of B. megaterium on F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici may be due to the production of lipopeptide secondary metabolites, although this will require further study.

Through the complete genome mapping analysis of B. megaterium HT517, we found that B. megaterium HT517 had seven functional genes (pyk, aceB, pyc, ackA, gltA, buk, and aroK) related to the secretion of organic acids. This was consistent with seven functional genes related to phosphorus solubilization identified in the study of Bacillus mycoides Gnyt1 [34]. It was confirmed that phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria dissolved insoluble phosphorus sources mainly by secreting small molecular organic acids, such as oxalic acid, succinoplatinic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, and malic acid [35]. Phosphorus-solubilizing microorganisms can secrete many organic acids, such as citric acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, and lactic acid, thus reducing soil pH [36]. Whole-genome sequence analysis of B. megaterium JX285 showed that it had functional genes, such as citrate synthase related to organic acid synthesis [14]), and the mechanism of its secretion of organic acids to dissolve phosphorus was revealed.

From the metabolic pathways of the B. megaterium HT517 strain, five related functional genes (trpA, trpB, trpS, TDO2, and idi) involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoids, such as 3-indoleacetic acid and gibberellin, were found, and six metabolic pathways involved in metabolism and terpenoid biosynthesis, such as tryptophan, glycine, serine, threonine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine, were identified. There are five metabolic pathways involved in bacterial synthesis of 3-indoleacetic acid, including IAM(Indole acetamide), IPyA(Indole-3-pyruvate), TSO(Tryptophan side chain oxidase), TAM(Tryptamine), and IAN(Indole acetonitrile) [37]. Rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria secrete plant hormones such as abscisic acid, auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin, and promote plant growth and development by regulating nutrient source/sink conversion and coordinating nutrient balance [38]. Rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria can regulate root development and growth by secreting plant hormones, such as 3-indoleacetic acid, gibberellin, cytokinin, secondary metabolites, and enzymes [39]. Therefore, the HT517 strain could stimulate the vegetative growth and reproductive growth of greenhouse tomato by participating in the synthesis of terpenoids, such as 3-indoleacetic acid and gibberellin, and we identified the mechanism of the HT517 strain in promoting root development and early flowering and fruiting.

Eight functional genes were found to be involved in the biosynthesis of hyosolamine, pethidine, and pyridine alkaloids, and a gene cluster consisted of 24 genomes from the metabolic pathway of the HT517 strain. The fundamental reason why B. megaterium HT517 antagonizes F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici was identified. It has been proven that B. megaterium can produce two antagonistic factors, lipopeptide antibiotics and antagonistic proteins, which have antimicrobial effects on pathogenic fungi [40]. The secreted surfactin has antiviral, anti-mycoplasma, and antibacterial activities, and could destroy viral lipid membranes [17]. Surfactin is controlled by the coding gene sfp of (Phosphopanthenyl mercaptoethylamine transferase) PPTase. The ability of wild-type Bacillus to produce surfactin was positively correlated with its ability to produce inducible resistant substances and its resistance to gray mold [18]. Alkaloids, such as scopolamine, exert an obvious control effect on tomato root knot nematodes [41]. Therefore, the HT517 strain could antagonize and control pathogenic fungi by participating in the biosynthesis of hyosolamine, pethidine, and pyridine alkaloids, thus revealing the mechanism of its antagonistic effect.

There are limitations in this study. For example, the experiment was a qualitative study with a small sample size and was a laboratory study. The analyses could not identify the quantitative determination of functional genes. With the further development of molecular biology technology, we will be able to study functional genes quantitatively.

5. Conclusion

The HT517 strain could secrete organic acids, such as pyruvate, malic acid, citric acid, shikimic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid, and other organic acids through metabolic pathways involved in the biosynthesis of diterpenoids, scopolamine, pethidine, and pyridine alkaloids, and had seven related functional genes: pyk, aceB, pyc, ackA, gltA, buk, and aroK. The HT517 strain secreted extracellular metabolites, such as 3-indoleacetic acid and gibberellin GA3, which accelerate the vegetative growth and reproductive growth of tomato, and five related functional genes were identified: trpA, trpB, trpS, TDO2, and idi. Moreover, the HT517 strain secreted antagonistic alkaloids, such as scopolamine, pethidine, and pyridine, and macromolecular organic compounds, involving eight related functional genes, such as hpaB, pheS, pheT, ileS, pepA, iucD, paaG, and kamA, and a gene cluster synthesizing surfactin, which may play a decisive role in antagonizing tomato pathogens.

Data Availability

The data analyzed in this study are available from the first author upon reasonable request.

Conflicts of Interest

The author(s) declare(s) that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by the Hebei Province Agricultural Industry System Project (grant no. HBCT2018030206) and the Innovation Team Project of State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation (grant no. NCCIR2020CX6).

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