A summary of ground-based short-term (hour-days) SEME precursors.
Observations
Modeling
EKE changes. B field changes. Ground potentials [59–61].
Streaming Potentials by saline water moving through porous rocks [62, 63]. Stress applied effects to rocks containing piezoelectric materials [64–67].
ULF-ELF SEME [68–71]. ULF-HF SEME [26, 72–77]. VLF E field changes [78, 79].
EM behaviour of rocks [55, 80–83]. Rocks become a source of highly mobile electric carriers that increase electric conductivity and propagate through the rock as a charge cloud [84].
E field changes and gas emissions by rock microfracturing [31, 85, 86].
Number and dimensions of microcracks and redistribution of pore fluids. Motion of saline pore fluids and formation of intergranular water film [55, 86].
Low-frequency SEME Laboratory investigations about conversion of accumulated preseismic elastic energy to EM energy [87].
Rock as “igneous rock battery” due to the activation of positive hole charge carriers by stress. Dislocation movement leading to bond breaking of Si–OO–Si peroxy links [87].
Mechanical and EM signals from laboratory to geophysical scale [88].
First attempts to justify effects of applied stress on rocks [88].
