Stratification of the Low-Latitude and Near-Equatorial F2 Layer, Topside Ionization Ledge, and F3 Layer: What We Know about This? A Review

Figure 10

Sample ionograms recorded at Fortaleza on January 15, 1995. Note the development and decay of the F3 layer as an additional trace at the high-frequency end at the virtual altitude of about 750 km, which is most distinct at 11:30 LT (from Balan et al. [33]).