Stratification of the Low-Latitude and Near-Equatorial F2 Layer, Topside Ionization Ledge, and F3 Layer: What We Know about This? A Review

Figure 5

Electron density distributions showing the field-aligned ledge (from King et al. [19]). Both the topside sounder and incoherent backscatter techniques show the same phenomenon. Left, Alouette-1 satellite data over Singapore, revolution 290, 15th profile. Right, Jicamarca, Peru, ISR data 24 April 1962, 06:10 EST.