Zero-Offset VSP Monitoring of CO₂ Storage: Impedance Inversion and Wedge Modelling at the Ketzin Pilot Site

Figure 1

Location and structure of the Ketzin storage site. Left: Ketzin is located in the Federal State of Brandenburg (Germany) about 35 km west of Berlin. The Ketzin site is marked as a dot. Right: schematic and vertically exaggerated block diagram of the Ketzin storage site (not to scale, modified after Liebscher et al. [27]) illustrating the structure and stratigraphy of the Ketzin anticline. The target CO₂ storage zone in the upper part of the Stuttgart Formation covers the range of 630 m–650 m below ground level.