Zero-Offset VSP Monitoring of CO₂ Storage: Impedance Inversion and Wedge Modelling at the Ketzin Pilot Site

Figure 3

Vertical component of the baseline zero-offset VSP together with the casing of Ktzi202 and the lithology within the well (modified after Daley et al. [25]). Left: casing and cementation (grey) of Ktzi202; the lithology is plotted in the centre of the well [21]. Right: zero-offset VSP, vertical component with trace balance, and linear moveout with 6100 m/s steel velocity [28]. The first breaks in the upper part are marked with red dots.