Zero-Offset VSP Monitoring of CO₂ Storage: Impedance Inversion and Wedge Modelling at the Ketzin Pilot Site

Figure 5

Normalised amplitude spectra of the zero-offset VSP baseline for measured and modelled data (top and bottom row). Baseline and repeat measurements are plotted as black and red lines. In the left and right columns, spectra of raw data and processed data are shown. The blue line indicates the corner frequencies of a bandpass filter (10–20–80–100 Hz) which is applied during the processing.