Zero-Offset VSP Monitoring of CO₂ Storage: Impedance Inversion and Wedge Modelling at the Ketzin Pilot Site

Table 1

Timeline of 3D surface seismic and zero-offset VSP measurements in Ketzin with correspondent tons of CO₂ injected.

Event	Run	Date	Injected CO2
3D surface seismic	Baseline	Autumn 2005
Zero-offset VSP	Baseline	November/December 2007
Start of injection		30 June 2008
Breakthrough in Ktzi202		20 March 2009, after 263 days	11 kt
3D surface seismic	1st repeat	Autumn 2009	22 kt–25 kt
Zero-offset VSP	1st repeat	February 2011	46 kt
3D surface seismic	2nd repeat	Autumn 2012	61 kt