Zero-Offset VSP Monitoring of CO₂ Storage: Impedance Inversion and Wedge Modelling at the Ketzin Pilot Site

Table 3

Summary of the processing steps applied to the zero-offset VSP data.

Step/purpose	Parameters
(1) Time-lapse processing	Enhance sampling rate to 0.1 ms; Cross-correlation time-shift
(2) VSP processing	Wavefield separation (9-point median filter)
(3) VSP processing	Trace balance; Outside corridor mute (60 ms)
(4) Time-lapse processing	Bandpass filter (10–20–80–100 Hz); Wiener filter