Copyright © 2011 Andréa E. M. Stinghen and Roberto Pecoits-Filho. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

1. M. El Nahas, “Cardio-kidney-damage: a unifying concept,” Kidney International, vol. 78, no. 1, pp. 14–18, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
2. A. A. House, M. Haapio, J. Lassus, R. Bellomo, and C. Ronco, “Therapeutic strategies for heart failure in cardiorenal syndromes,” American Journal of Kidney Diseases, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 759–773, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
3. P. Stenvinkel, J. J. Carrero, J. Axelsson, B. Lindholm, O. Heimburger, and Z. Massy, “Emerging biomarkers for evaluating cardiovascular risk in the chronic kidney disease patient: how do new pieces fit into the uremic puzzle?” Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 505–521, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
4. P. Stenvinkel, “Chronic kidney disease: a public health priority and harbinger of premature cardiovascular disease,” Journal of Internal Medicine, vol. 268, no. 5, pp. 456–467, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
5. B. K. Meijers, K. Claes, B. Bammens et al., “p—and cardiovascular risk in mild-to-moderate kidney disease,” Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 1182–1189, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
6. R. J. Glassock, “Uremic toxins: what are they? An integrated overview of pathobiology and classification,” Journal of Renal Nutrition, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 2–6, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
7. J. Himmelfarb, “Uremic toxicity, oxidative stress, and hemodialysis as renal replacement therapy,” Seminars in Dialysis, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 636–643, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
8. R. Vanholder, S. Van Laecke, and G. Glorieux, “What is new in uremic toxicity?” Pediatric Nephrology, vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 1211–1221, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
9. R. Vanholder, R. De Smet, G. Glorieux et al., “Review on uremic toxins: classification, concentration, and interindividual variability,” Kidney International, vol. 63, no. 5, pp. 1934–1943, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
10. R. Vanholder, A. Argiles, U. Baurmeister et al., “Uremic toxicity: present state of the art,” International Journal of Artificial Organs, vol. 24, no. 10, pp. 695–725, 2001. View at Scopus
11. J. Malyszko, “Mechanism of endothelial dysfunction in chronic kidney disease,” Clinica Chimica Acta, vol. 411, no. 19-20, pp. 1412–1420, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
12. D. Fliser, “Perspectives in renal disease progression: the endothelium as a treatment target in chronic kidney disease,” Journal of Nephrology, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 369–376, 2010. View at Scopus
13. G. Cohen, G. Glorieux, P. Thornalley et al., “Review on uraemic toxins III: recommendations for handling uraemic retention solutes in vitro—towards a standardized approach for research on uraemia,” Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 3381–3390, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
14. M. S. Segal, C. Baylis, and R. J. Johnson, “Endothelial health and diversity in the kidney,” Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 323–324, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
15. J. A. Diaz-Buxo and H. F. Woods, “Protecting the endothelium: a new focus for management of chronic kidney disease,” Hemodialysis International, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 42–48, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
16. L. Dou, N. Jourde-Chiche, V. Faure et al., “The uremic solute indoxyl sulfate induces oxidative stress in endothelial cells,” Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1302–1308, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
17. S. Bro, J. F. Bentzon, E. Falk, C. B. Andersen, K. Olgaard, and L. B. Nielsen, “Chronic renal failure accelerates atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice,” Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 2466–2474, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
18. M. Buzello, J. Törnig, J. Faulhaber, H. Ehmke, E. Ritz, and K. Amann, “The apolipoprotein E knockout mouse: a model documenting accelerated atherogenesis in uremia,” Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 311–316, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
19. P. Brunet, B. Gondouin, A. Duval-Sabatier, L. Dou, C. Cerini, F. Dignat-George, et al., “Does uremia cause vascular dysfunction?” Kidney and Blood Pressure Research, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 284–290, 2011.
20. S. Zieman and D. Kass, “Advanced glycation end product cross-linking: pathophysiologic role and therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease,” Congestive Heart Failure, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 144–151, 2004. View at Scopus
21. P. M. Vanhoutte, M. Feletou, and S. Taddei, “Endothelium-dependent contractions in hypertension,” British Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 144, no. 4, pp. 449–458, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
22. D. Fliser, F. Kronenberg, J. T. Kielstein et al., “Asymmetric dimethylarginine and progression of chronic kidney disease: the mild to moderate kidney disease study,” Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 2456–2461, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
23. R. H. Boger, S. M. Bode-Boger, K. Sydow, D. D. Heistad, and S. R. Lentz, “Plasma concentration of asymmetric dimethylarginine, an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, is elevated in monkeys with hyperhomocyst(e)inemia or hypercholesterolemia,” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 1557–1564, 2000.
24. R. Vanholder, U. Baurmeister, P. Brunet, G. Cohen, G. Glorieux, and J. Jankowski, “A bench to bedside view of uremic toxins,” Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 863–870, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
25. R. Vanholder, S. van Laecke, and G. Glorieux, “The middle-molecule hypothesis 30 years after: lost and rediscovered in the universe of uremic toxicity?” Journal of Nephrology, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 146–160, 2008. View at Scopus
26. J. R. Stubbs and J. B. Wetmore, “Does it matter how parathyroid hormone levels are suppressed in secondary hyperparathyroidism?” Seminars in Dialysis, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 298–306, 2011.
27. K. R. Neves, F. G. Graciolli, L. M. dos Reis et al., “Vascular calcification: contribution of parathyroid hormone in renal failure,” Kidney International, vol. 71, no. 12, pp. 1262–1270, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
28. A. E. Stinghen, S. M. Goncalves, E. G. Martines et al., “Increased plasma and endothelial cell expression of chemokines and adhesion molecules in chronic kidney disease,” Nephron Clinical Practice, vol. 111, no. 2, pp. c117–c126, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
29. A. B. Hauser, I. R. Azevedo, S. Goncalves, A. Stinghen, C. Aita, and R. Pecoits-Filho, “Sevelamer carbonate reduces inflammation and endotoxemia in an animal model of uremia,” Blood Purification, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 153–158, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
30. S. Goncalves, R. Pecoits-Filho, S. Perreto et al., “Associations between renal function, volume status and endotoxaemia in chronic kidney disease patients,” Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 2788–2794, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
31. B. Aline, A. E. M. S. Hauser, M. G. Simone, S. Bucharles, and R. Pecoits-Filho, “A gut feeling on endotoxemia: causes and consequences in chronic kidney disease,” Nephron Clinical Practice, vol. 118, no. 2, pp. c165–c172, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
32. T. Gunthner, V. Jankowski, A. Kretschmer et al., “Endothelium and vascular smooth muscle cells in the context of uremia,” Seminars in Dialysis, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 428–432, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
33. P. Stenvinkel and T. J. Ekstrom, “Epigenetics—a helpful tool to better understand processes in clinical nephrology?” Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 1493–1496, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
34. P. Stenvinkel, M. Karimi, S. Johansson et al., “Impact of inflammation on epigenetic DNA methylation—a novel risk factor for cardiovascular disease?” Journal of Internal Medicine, vol. 261, no. 5, pp. 488–499, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
35. D. Ingrosso, A. Cimmino, A. F. Perna et al., “Folate treatment and unbalanced methylation and changes of allelic expression induced by hyperhomocysteinaemia in patients with uraemia,” The Lancet, vol. 361, no. 9370, pp. 1693–1699, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
36. Y. S. Huang, Y. F. Zhi, and S. R. Wang, “Hypermethylation of estrogen receptor-α gene in atheromatosis patients and its correlation with homocysteine,” Pathophysiology, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 259–265, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
37. J. Yi-Deng, S. Tao, Z. Hui-Ping et al., “Folate and ApoE DNA methylation induced by homocysteine in human monocytes,” DNA and Cell Biology, vol. 26, no. 10, pp. 737–744, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
38. G. Zaza, P. Pontrelli, G. Pertosa et al., “Dialysis-related systemic microinflammation is associated with specific genomic patterns,” Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 1673–1681, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
39. N. Karin, “The multiple faces of CXCL12 (SDF-1α) in the regulation of immunity during health and disease,” Journal of Leukocyte Biology, vol. 88, no. 3, pp. 463–473, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
40. P. Rueda, K. Balabanian, B. Lagane et al., “The CXCL12γ chemokine displays unprecedented structural and functional properties that make it a paradigm of chemoattractant proteins,” PLoS ONE, vol. 3, no. 7, Article ID e2543, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
41. F. Barbieri, A. Bajetto, C. Porcille, A. Pattarozzi, G. Schettini, and T. Florio, “Role of stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1/CXCL12) in regulating anterior pituitary function,” Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 38, no. 3-4, pp. 383–389, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
42. S. Ghadge, S. Muhlstedt, C. Ozcelik, and M. Bader, “SDF-1α as a therapeutic stem cell homing factor in myocardial infarction,” Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol. 129, pp. 97–108, 2011.
43. K. E. Jie, M. A. Zaikova, M. W. Bergevoet et al., “Progenitor cells and vascular function are impaired in patients with chronic kidney disease,” Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 1875–1882, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
44. A. Kottgen, “Genome-wide association studies in nephrology research,” American Journal of Kidney Diseases, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 743–758, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
45. V. O. Shah, E. A. Dominic, P. Moseley et al., “Hemodialysis modulates gene expression profile in skeletal muscle,” American Journal of Kidney Diseases, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 616–628, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus