Genetic and Adverse Health Outcome Associations with Treatment Resistant Hypertension in GenHAT
Table 2
Baseline characteristics for African-American and white treatment resistant hypertension cases and controls.
Characteristic
African-American participants
White participants
TRH cases
Controls
value*
TRH cases
Controls
value*
Sample size,
929
719
—
1274
1635
—
Age (y), mean (SD)
65.8 (7.1)
65.7 (7.4)
0.92
67.4 (7.2)
66.6 (7.5)
0.003
Women, (%)
440 (47.4)
391 (54.4)
0.005
440 (34.5)
712 (43.6)
<0.001
On antihypertensive treatment at baseline, (%)
892 (96.0)
618 (86.0)
<0.001
1221 (95.8)
1448 (88.6)
<0.001
Randomized treatment group:
Chlorthalidone**, (col%)
253 (27.2)
366 (50.9)
<0.001
420 (33.0)
695 (42.5)
<0.001
Amlodipine, (col%)
166 (17.9)
161 (22.4)
236 (18.5)
349 (21.4)
Lisinopril, (col%)
301 (32.4)
118 (16.4)
383 (30.1)
429 (26.2)
Doxazosin, (col%)
209 (22.5)
74 (10.3)
235 (18.5)
162 (9.9)
Baseline blood pressure:
All participants, mm Hg:
SBP, mean (SD)
151.9 (15.6)
138.9 (15.5)
<0.001
152.3 (14.9)
139.2 (15.4)
<0.001
DBP, mean (SD)
85.2 (11.1)
83.2 (9.3)
<0.001
83.1 (10.5)
82.5 (9.5)
0.09
Treated at baseline, mm Hg:
SBP, mean (SD)
151.5 (15.6)
136.6 (14.9)
<0.001
151.9 (14.8)
137.6 (15.0)
<0.001
DBP, mean (SD)
85.0 (11.1)
82.2 (9.2)
<0.001
83.0 (10.4)
81.8 (9.5)
0.002
Untreated at baseline, mm Hg:
SBP, mean (SD)
162.7 (13.3)
153.4 (10.9)
<0.001
162.3 (12.7)
152.1 (11.1)
<0.001
DBP, mean (SD)
89.6 (11.1)
88.9 (8.3)
0.69
85.6 (11.5)
87.6 (7.9)
0.14
Current cigarette smoker, (%)
185 (19.9)
200 (27.8)
<0.001
243 (19.1)
336 (20.6)
0.32
Type 2 diabetes, (%)
435 (46.8)
227 (31.6)
<0.001
531 (41.7)
458 (28.0)
<0.001
LVH by electrocardiogram, (%)
273 (29.4)
149 (20.7)
<0.001
178 (14.0)
212 (13.0)
0.43
Body mass index, mean (SD), kg/m2
31.3 (8.3)
29.5 (6.4)
<0.001
29.9 (5.7)
28.9 (5.3)
<0.001
Fasting glucose, mean (SD), mg/dL
132.8 (62.5)
120.4 (60.8)
<0.001
124.8 (50.8)
114.8 (48.1)
<0.001
Total cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL
217.1 (45.4)
216.0 (44.7)
0.64
213.6 (43.9)
215.0 (41.7)
0.38
HDL cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL
50.6 (15.9)
52.8 (15.8)
0.008
42.9 (13.7)
45.1 (14.0)
<0.001
Fasting triglycerides, mean (SD), mg/dL
130.0 (75.9)
125.4 (91.9)
0.33
196.8 (142.9)
177.7 (126.0)
<0.001
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)
80.3 (21.3)
86.2 (19.6)
<0.001
73.9 (18.3)
75.8 (16.5)
0.004
Follow-up blood pressure, mm Hg:
SBP at 1 year, mean (SD)
151.4 (18.4)
129.1 (13.5)
<0.001
147.2 (17.7)
128.1 (12.2)
<0.001
DBP at 1 year, mean (SD)
83.8 (11.3)
78.1 (8.5)
<0.001
79.0 (10.4)
76.5 (8.6)
<0.001
SBP at 2 years, mean (SD)
149.6 (18.8)
127.9 (13.0)
<0.001
146.4 (17.2)
126.3 (11.9)
<0.001
DBP at 2 years, mean (SD)
81.4 (12.5)
77.1 (8.6)
<0.001
78.0 (10.8)
75.5 (7.9)
<0.001
SBP at 3 years, mean (SD)
152.3 (18.3)
117.2 (6.5)
<0.001
149.2 (16.9)
117.9 (6.3)
<0.001
DBP at 3 years, mean (SD)
81.1 (12.3)
73.1 (6.9)
<0.001
77.2 (11.6)
72.0 (7.2)
<0.001
Number of HT meds at 3 years, mean (SD)
3.6 (0.72)
1 (per def.)
—
3.6 (0.69)
1 (per def.)
—
Number on diuretic at 3 years, (%)
493 (53%)
366 (51%)
0.38
769 (60%)
695 (43%)
<0.001
SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, HDL-C: HDL cholesterol, and LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy.
*Test of differences between case/control groups: ANOVA for continuous variables and chi-square for categorical variables.
**Participants were randomized to treatment in a ratio of 1 : 1 : 1 : 1.7 for amlodipine, lisinopril, doxazosin, and chlorthalidone, respectively.
