Resistant Hypertension in Nondialysis Chronic Kidney Disease

Table 1

Determinants of resistant hypertension in general population.

Clinical condition
Diabetes mellitus
Older age
Obesity
Drugs
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Corticosteroids
Oral contraceptive hormones
Erythropoietin
Cyclosporine and tacrolimus
Sympathomimetics (decongestants)
Exogenous substances
Tobacco
Alcohol
Cocaine, amphetamines, and other illicit drugs
Licorice
Herbal supplements (ginseng, yohimbine)
Secondary causes
Common
Chronic Kidney disease
Primary aldosteronism
Sleep apnea
Hyper-hypothyroidism
Renal artery disease
Uncommon
Cushing’s syndrome
Pheochromocytoma
Aortic coarctation
Hyperparathyroidism