The ACE2/Apelin Signaling, MicroRNAs, and Hypertension

Table 1

The RAAS, Apelin/APJ signaling, and microRNAs in hypertension.

MicroRNAs	Targets	miRNA function	References
miR-143/145	Klf4; Klf5	Regulation of VSMCs proliferation	[7, 16, 17]
miR-365	Cyclin D1	Inhibition of VSMCs proliferation	[18]
miR-221/222	p27(Kip1); p57(Kip2)	Regulation of VSMCs differentiation and proliferation	[6, 7]
miR-126	VEGF; ICAM-1	Mediator of vascular dysfunction	[7, 18]
miR-221/222	Ets-1; VCAM-1; MCP-1	Regulation of inflammation and vascular remodeling	[7, 18]
miR-130a	GAX	Regulation of VSMCs proliferation	[11]
miR-145; -27a/27b;	ACE	Inhibition of ACE expression	[20–23]
miR-421; -143;	ACE2	Inhibition of ACE2 expression	[23, 32, 33]
miR-19b; -29; -132/212; -181b;	Ang II	Promotion of fibrosis and cardiovascular remodeling	[24–27, 29]
miR-146a	Ang-(1-7)	Inhibition of inflammation	[34]
miR-155	AT1R	Inhibition of VSMCs proliferation	[19, 30, 31]
miR-133a; -208; -1	Apelin/APJ	Regulation of cardiovascular hypertrophy and dysfunction	[47]
miR-424; -503	FGF2; FGFR1	Inhibition of VSMCs proliferation	[48]

RAAS: renin-angiotensin aldosterone system; Klf4: Krüppel-like factor4; Klf5: Krüppel-like factor5; p27(Kip1): cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B; p57(Kip2): cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; Ets-1: E26 transformation-specific sequence 1; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; GAX: growth arrest-specific homeobox; ACE: angiotensin converting enzyme; ACE2: angiotensin converting enzyme 2; AT1R: Ang II type 1 receptor; FGF2: fibroblast growth factor 2; FGFR1: fibroblast growth factor receptor 1; VSMCs: vascular smooth muscle cells.