International Journal of Hypertension / 2015 / Article / Tab 2 / Research Article
Epidemiology of Hypertension Stages in Two Countries in Sub-Sahara Africa: Factors Associated with Hypertension Stages Table 2 Association between sociodemographic, health behavior, and biological variables with stages of hypertension (pre-HTN, stage 1, and stage 2) compared to normal blood pressure: bivariate multinomial analysis.
Ghana ( South Africa ( Pre-HTN Stage 1 Stage 2 Pre-HTN Stage 1 Stage 2 OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) Age groups (years) 18–49 1 1 1 1 1 1 50–59 1 (0.78–1.29) 1.93 (1.47–2.54) 2.12 (1.59–2.83) 2.06 (1.04–4.09) 4.77 (2.13–10.67) 5.88 (3.01–11.48) 60–69 1.15 (0.86–1.54) 1.71 (1.25–2.33) 2.72 (2.02–3.67) 2.66 (1.34–5.28) 7.19 (3.38–15.28) 7.57 (3.87–14.82) 70–74 1.25 (0.94–1.66) 1.78 (1.26–2.51) 2.51 (1.8–3.51) 1.4 (0.57–3.44) 6.02 (2.61–13.88 5.25 (2.39–11.5) 80+ 1.25 (0.8–1.97) 1.77 (1.1–2.84) 2.29 (1.47–3.57) 3.17 (1.19–8.43) 8.95 (3.5–22.89) 9.09 (3.77–21.93) Sex Male 1 1 1 1 1 1 Female 1.11 (0.78–0.58) 1.1 (0.75–1.61) 0.82 (0.56–1.21) 0.39 (0.14–1.09) 0.52 (0.19–0.44) 0.43 (0.17–1.06) Living place Urban 1 1 1 1 1 1 Rural 0.86 (0.6–1.24) 0.69 (0.47–1.03) 0.8 (0.51–1.25) 2.12 (0.82–5.49) 1.92 (0.75–4.88) 2.76 (1.14–6.68) Marital status Married 1 1 1 1 1 1 Single 1.1 (0.71–1.72) 0.85 (0.55–1.3) 0.91 (0.59–1.4) 1.46 (0.49–4.34) 1.32 (0.46–3.77) 2.1 (0.8–5.52) Educational level No school 1 1 1 1 1 1 <6 yrs 0.82 (0.45–1.49) 0.8 (0.44–1.44) 0.45 (0.25–0.8) 1.58 (0.38–6.53) 1.39 (0.44–4.34) 1.4 (0.47–4.15) Primary 0.88 (0.52–1.49) 0.93 (0.53–1.64) 0.57 (0.33–0.98) 1.03 (0.28–3.84) 0.73 (0.2–2.66) 0.58 (0.17–1.95) Secondary 1.5 (0.77–2.9) 0.95 (0.48–1.92) 0.56 (0.26–1.2) 0.27 (0.07–1.05) 0.17 (0.05–0.61) 0.09 (0.03–0.3) High school 0.87 (0.52–1.45) 0.61 (0.35–1.07) 0.53 (0.3–0.92) 0.18 (0.05–0.63) 0.16 (0.04–0.7) 0.09 (0.02–0.33) University 0.62 (0.25–1.56) 0.49 (0.18–1.34) 0.34 (0.11–1.06) 0.24 (0.05–1.13) 0.09 (0.02–0.49) 0.07 (0.02–0.35) Occupation Public sector 1 1 1 1 1 1 Private 0.52 (0.17–1.57) 0.97 (0.29–3.23) 1.25 (0.38–4.09) 2.18 (0.4–12.03) 4.32 (1.06–17.55) 1.93 (0.49–7.64) Self-employed 0.89 (0.47–1.72) 0.95 (0.49–1.85) 0.95 (0.46–1.97) 0.65 (0.06–7.18) 0.6 (0.07–5.23)) 0.26 (0.03–2.33) Informal 0.66 (0.27–1.62) 0.64 (0.27–1.55) 1.63 (0.6–4.39) 0.45 (0.07–2.99) 1.4 (0.22–8.72) 0.74 (0.16–3.51) Income Quintile 1 (poorest) 1 1 1 1 1 1 Quintile 2 1.04 (0.6–1.79) 0.79 (0.44–1.41) 1.26 (0.74–2.14) 0.56 (0.14–2.26) 0.76 (0.17–3.43) 0.62 (0.18–2.14) Quintile 3 1.9 (1.11–3.23) 1.67 (0.94–2.96) 2.95 (1.76–4.95) 0.48 (0.1–2.37) 0.6 (0.11–3.15) 0.9 (0.2–4.12) Quintile 4 2.19 (1.3–3.68) 2.03 (1.14–3.64) 2.29 (1.32–3.97) 1.13 (0.28–4.6) 0.58 (0.15–2.29) 1 (0.27–3.73) Quintile 5 (richest) 1.24 (0.72–2.12) 1.27 (0.74–2.21) 1.33 (0.73–2.42) 1.06 (0.25–4.43) 0.7 (0.2–2.42) 0.61 (0.18–2.06) Biological variables BMI (kg/m2 ) Underweight 1 1 1 1 1 1 Normal 0.9 (0.51–1.6) 1.39 (0.76–2.55) 0.95 (0.53–1.71) 0.59 (0.12–2.87) 0.88 (0.16–4.68) 0.27 (0.05–1.38) Overweight 1.44 (0.76–2.74) 2.23 (1.09–4.56) 1.58 (0.77–3.26) 0.39 (0.07–2.06) 1.71 (0.28–10.53) 0.47 (0.08–2.77) Obese 2.64 (1.11–6.3) 6.62 (2.79–15.69) 3.37 (1.37–8.26) 2.42 (0.53–11.03) 11.72 (2.35–58.43) 4.81 (0.98–23.54) Waist circumference Normal 1 1 1 1 1 1 Abnormal 1.52 (0.97–2.38) 1.79 (1.12–2.87) 1.31 (0.8–2.13) 0.96 (0.25–3.75) 1.38 (0.38–5.04) 1.66 (0.49–5.56) Health related behaviors Smoking No 1 1 1 1 1 1 Yes 0.87 (0.56–1.34) 0.83 (0.51–1.36) 1.33 (0.85–2.07) 1 (0.33–3.04) 1.83 (0.57–5.84) 2.02 (0.69–5.95) Current alcohol use No 1 1 1 1 1 1 Yes 1.27 (0.77–2.1) 0.99 (0.6–1.65) 1.08 (0.66–1.76) 0.44 (0.1–1.93) 0.98 (0.15–6.56) 0.33 (0.08–1.42) Work related physical activity High 1 1 1 1 1 1 Moderate 0.75 (0.49–1.15) 1 (0.63–1.58) 0.82 (0.5–1.33) 1.66 (0.35–7.95) 0.5 (0.08–2.93) 0.83 (0.19–3.62) Low 0.92 (0.57–1.5) 1.29 (0.75–2.23) 1.24 (0.72–2.16) 4.14 (0.9–19.13) 1.38 (0.26–7.42) 2.24 (0.56–8.98) Fruit intake/day 0-1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2–4 1.05 (0.72–1.53) 0.76 (0.5–1.16) 0.83 (0.55–1.25) 0.81 (0.28–2.32) 0.49 (0.17–1.38) 0.3 (0.11–0.81) >=5 2.2 (1.06–4.56) 1.94 (0.91–4.14) 2.42 (1.29–4.54) 0.17 (0.02–1.34) 0.15 (0.02–1.03) 0.59 (0.07–4.65) Vegetable intake/day 0-1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2–4 1.67 (1.09–2.57) 1.07 (0.69–1.68) 1.28 (0.78–2.12) 0.64 (0.24–1.68) 0.3 (0.11–0.82) 0.29 (0.11–0.72) >=5 2.07 (0.58–7.43) 1.67 (0.36–7.63) 0.78 (0.22–2.7) 1.13 (0.19–6.74) 2.46 (0.29–20.65) 4.86 (0.66–35.82)
