Prevalence of Hypertension and Its Associated Risk Factors among 34,111 HAART Naïve HIV-Infected Adults in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Table 4
Univariate and multivariate adjusted demographic, body mass index, and clinical and immunological factors associated with prevalence of hypertension.
Unadjusted RR (95% CI)
value
Adjusted RR (95% CI)
value
Age group (years)
0.002
<0.001
15–29
0.76 (0.70–0.83)
0.74 (0.67–0.81)
30–39
Reference
Reference
40–49
1.42 (1.32–1.52)
1.43 (1.33–1.53)
50
2.30 (2.14–2.49)
2.52 (1.92–3.30)
Gender
<0.001
0.002
Female
Reference
Reference
Male
1.11 (1.05–1.18)
1.10 (1.04–1.17)
BMI-defined obesity
0.003
<0.001
Underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2)
0.51 (0.47–0.56)
0.57 (0.52–0.62)
Normal (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2)
Reference
Reference
Overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2)
1.63 (1.52–1.74)
1.51 (1.40–1.62)
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2)
2.19 (2.00–2.38)
1.94 (1.78–2.12)
CD4+ cell count (cells/μL)
<0.001
0.003
<350
0.49 (0.44–0.54)
350–<500
0.77 (0.72–0.82)
>500
Reference
Reference
WHO Clinical disease stage
<0.001
<0.001
Stage I
Reference
Reference
Stage II
0.83 (0.77–0.90)
0.88 (0.81–0.96)
Stage III
0.58 (0.54–0.63)
0.72 (0.66–0.78)
Stage IV
0.42 (0.38–0.47)
0.58 (0.52–0.64)
History of TB
<0.001
<0.001
Yes
0.72 (0.66–0.77)
0.86 (0.78–0.94)
No
Reference
Reference
Current TB/HIV coinfection
0.410
0.420
Yes
1.08 (0.89–1.18)
1.05 (0.92–1.20)
No
Reference
Reference
BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; HIV: human immune deficiency virus; RR: risk ratio; TB: tuberculosis; WHO: World Health Organization. The final model for multivariate analyses included district (Ilala, Kinondoni, and Temeke), calendar year and season of enrolment, age (<30, 30–39, 40–49, and ≥50 years), gender (male/female), BMI (underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity), CD4+ cell count (<350, 350–<500, and ≥500), WHO clinical disease stage (I, II, III, and IV), history of TB, and current TB/HIV coinfected. The median score test was used to assess the significance of any trends observed and a Wald test was used for binary variables.
