Racial/Ethnic, Nativity, and Sociodemographic Disparities in Maternal Hypertension in the United States, 2014-2015
Table 1
Observed prevalence and multivariate logistic regressions showing age- and covariate-adjusted differentials in maternal hypertension among major racial/ethnic groups and by selected social and medical characteristics, United States, 2014-2015 ( = 7,966,573).
Covariate
Number of births
Prevalence percent
Prevalence ratio1
Model 12
Model 23
Covariance-adjusted
OR
95% CI
OR
95% CI
prevalence
SE
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White
4,322,169
7.17
3.86
3.71
4.02
1.92
1.84
2.00
7.05
0.01
Non-Hispanic Black
1,188,014
9.82
5.66
5.44
5.89
2.42
2.32
2.52
8.62
0.03
American Indian/Alaska Native
75,204
8.93
5.19
4.95
5.44
2.00
1.91
2.10
7.32
0.09
Chinese
116,439
2.16
1.00
1.00
Reference
1.00
Reference
3.92
0.08
Japanese
14,177
3.45
1.49
1.35
1.64
1.50
1.36
1.66
5.66
0.24
Filipino
63,160
7.74
3.83
3.65
4.03
2.94
2.79
3.08
10.18
0.13
Hawaiian
1,725
6.96
3.80
3.14
4.59
1.58
1.30
1.91
5.92
0.51
Asian Indian
131,594
3.98
2.00
1.90
2.10
1.55
1.48
1.63
5.85
0.08
Korean
30,390
3.60
1.65
1.54
1.77
1.52
1.42
1.64
5.75
0.16
Vietnamese
41,211
2.93
1.38
1.29
1.48
1.28
1.19
1.37
4.90
0.13
Samoan
4,316
8.60
4.89
4.37
5.48
1.62
1.44
1.81
6.05
0.30
Other Asian/Pacific Islander
140,061
4.45
2.28
2.17
2.39
1.55
1.47
1.62
5.82
0.07
Mexican
1,092,146
5.16
2.79
2.68
2.91
1.48
1.42
1.54
5.60
0.03
Puerto Rican
140,866
6.35
3.55
3.39
3.71
1.70
1.62
1.78
6.34
0.06
Cuban
41,270
5.86
3.10
2.93
3.29
1.82
1.72
1.93
6.73
0.13
Central & South American
278,905
4.54
2.33
2.23
2.43
1.61
1.54
1.68
6.03
0.05
Other Hispanic
284,926
6.00
3.32
3.18
3.47
1.69
1.61
1.76
6.29
0.05
Maternal age (years)
<20
484,062
6.30
1.00
1.00
Reference
1.00
Reference
6.25
0.04
20–24
1,733,076
6.09
0.97
0.95
0.98
0.82
0.81
0.83
5.43
0.02
25–29
2,297,703
6.48
1.03
1.02
1.04
0.88
0.86
0.89
5.95
0.02
30–34
2,175,751
6.99
1.12
1.10
1.13
0.99
0.97
1.00
6.53
0.02
35–39
1,036,744
8.50
1.38
1.36
1.40
1.21
1.19
1.23
7.81
0.03
40–44
221,869
11.34
1.90
1.87
1.94
1.67
1.64
1.70
10.02
0.06
≥45
17,368
16.09
2.86
2.74
2.98
2.49
2.38
2.61
14.00
0.27
Marital status
Married
4,760,176
6.67
1.00
1.00
Reference
1.00
Reference
6.20
0.01
Unmarried
3,206,397
7.34
1.25
1.24
1.26
1.07
1.07
1.08
6.55
0.02
Nativity/immigrant status
US born
6,176,861
7.61
1.84
1.83
1.86
1.29
1.28
1.30
6.63
0.01
Foreign born
1,771,387
4.60
1.00
1.00
Reference
1.00
Reference
5.10
0.02
Maternal education (years)
<12
1,134,548
5.94
1.02
1.01
1.03
0.92
0.91
0.93
6.59
0.03
12
1,925,949
7.03
1.25
1.24
1.26
0.98
0.97
0.99
7.08
0.02
13–15
2,257,033
8.09
1.41
1.40
1.42
1.06
1.06
1.07
7.61
0.02
≥16
2,343,837
6.50
1.00
1.00
Reference
1.00
Reference
7.13
0.02
Plurality
Single
7,689,433
6.70
1.00
1.00
Reference
1.00
Reference
6.16
0.01
Multiple
277,140
13.73
2.12
2.09
2.14
1.82
1.80
1.84
10.66
0.06
Gestational diabetes
No
7,446,975
6.26
1.00
1.00
Reference
1.00
Reference
5.69
0.01
Yes
508,788
17.09
2.95
2.93
2.97
2.44
2.42
2.46
13.24
0.05
Pre-pregnancy BMI
Normat weight (BMI < 25)
3,679,645
3.95
1.00
1.00
Reference
1.00
Reference
3.54
0.01
Overweight (25 BMI < 30)
1,923,934
6.86
1.78
1.77
1.80
1.74
1.73
1.76
5.83
0.02
Obesity grade 1 (30 BMI < 35)
1,034,214
10.26
2.77
2.75
2.80
2.69
2.67
2.71
8.45
0.03
Obesity grade 2 (BMI ≥ 35)
846,413
16.74
4.91
4.87
4.95
4.60
4.56
4.64
11.22
0.05
Weight gain during pregnancy (lbs)
<16
1,166,852
7.96
1.00
1.00
Reference
1.00
Reference
5.41
0.02
16–30
2,938,813
5.88
1.10
1.09
1.10
1.12
1.11
1.13
5.77
0.01
31–40
1,899,825
6.05
1.32
1.30
1.33
1.32
1.31
1.34
6.57
0.02
>40
1,624,798
9.16
2.04
2.02
2.06
1.94
1.92
1.95
9.25
0.02
Place of residence
Metropolitan county
6,353,967
6.68
1.00
1.00
Reference
1.00
Reference
6.27
0.01
Non-metropolitan county
1,612,606
7.98
1.27
1.26
1.28
1.04
1.04
1.05
6.57
0.02
Region of residence
New England
299,320
6.12
1.15
1.13
1.17
1.10
1.08
1.11
5.55
0.04
Mid Atlantic
965,794
6.25
1.19
1.18
1.20
1.10
1.09
1.11
5.24
0.02
East Northcentral
1,125,412
7.96
1.60
1.58
1.62
1.24
1.23
1.26
6.69
0.02
West Northcentral
548,470
7.52
1.51
1.49
1.53
1.19
1.17
1.21
6.36
0.03
South Atlantic
1,499,665
7.16
1.42
1.40
1.43
1.15
1.14
1.16
6.40
0.02
East Southcentral
471,637
8.87
1.85
1.83
1.88
1.35
1.33
1.37
7.77
0.04
West Southcentral
1,116,431
7.51
1.52
1.51
1.54
1.33
1.32
1.35
7.30
0.03
Mountain
616,787
6.53
1.29
1.28
1.31
1.19
1.17
1.20
6.49
0.03
Pacific
1,323,057
5.30
1.00
1.00
Reference
1.00
Reference
5.50
0.02
OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval. significant at .1Defined as the ratio of the prevalence for a specific group to that for the reference group. 2Adjusted for maternal age only; weight gain odds were adjusted for maternal age and prepregnancy BMI. 3Adjusted for maternal age, marital status, nativity, plurality, maternal education, place and region of residence, gestational diabetes, prepregnancy BMI, and gestational weight gain. Source. Data derived from the 2014-2015 US National Natality data files.