International Journal of Inflammation

Review Article

Toll-Like Receptors and Myocardial Inflammation

Table 3

Role of TLRs in myocardial inflammation and injury during viral myocarditis.
TLRsMiceVirusViral replicationSurvivalMyocardial injury marker cTnICardiac functionInflammationRef.
Myocarditis (pathological change)Cytokine production NF-κB activation
Myocardial SerumIFN-γIFN-β
mRNA Protein
TLR3TLR3−/−EMCV↑↓↑↓ TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, RANTES, IP-10↓, IFN-β↑↑[107]
TLR3−/−CVB3↑↓↑ IL-12p40, IL-1β, IFN-γ↓, IFN-β NS↓NS[108]
TLR3−/−CMVNSNSNS[109]
TLR3−/−CVB4↑↓↑↑ TNFα and IFN-α↓, IL-6 and IFN-γ NSNS[110]
TLR4C3H/HeJ (BALB/c)CVB3d2↑d12↓↓ IL-1β, IL-18↓, TNFα, IFN-γ, IL-12p40 NSNS↓[111]
TLR7TLR7−/−CMVNSNSNS[109]
TLR9TLR9−/−CVB3NS↑↓ TNFα, TGF-β, ICAM-1↓, IFN-β↑↑↓[112]
TLR9−/−CMV↑NS↑[109]
MyD88MyD88−/−CVB3↓↑↓ IL-1β, TNFα, IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-18↓, IFN-α and IFN-β↑ IL-1β, TNFα, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10↓, IL-4 and IL-10 NS↓↑[113]
MyD88−/−CMV↑NS↑[109]
MyD88−/−CVB4NSNSNSNS TNFα NS, IFN-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ↓↓[110]
TrifTrif−/−CVB3↑ IL-12p40, IFN-γ↓, IFN-β NS↓NS[108]
Trif−/−CVB3↑↓↓↑ TNFα, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-18↑ TNFα, IL-1β, IL-18↑d3↑, d7↓[112]
NS: no significant difference.