| | Model | Insult*, duration, (treatment) | Total chol† | Results, (treatment) | Study |
| | Rabbit |
| | NZWR | 2% chol., 10% soybean, 2 & 3 wk | — | ↑L associated with Col and PG fibres | Nievelstein-Post et al. 1994 [76] | | NZWR | 2% chol., 10% soybean, 2 wk | — | ↑L associated with Col, Fc | Haberland et al. 2001 [77] | | NZWR | 2% chol., 10% soybean, 4 wk | — | ↑L associated with Col in clusters, fusing | Zeng et al. 2007 [81] | | Chinchilla | 0.5% or 2% chol., 5% butter, 2–10 wk | — | ↑L, ECM fragment, followed by ↑M and Fc, to ↑Col and C | Filip et al. 1987 [75] | | NZWR | 1% chol., 12 wk | 2235 ± 162 | ↑HDL, TG, Fc, apoptosis of M and Fb | Rajamannan et al. 2001 [79] | | NZWR | 1% chol., 8 wk, (atorvastatin) | 3235 ± 328 | ↑ALP, Runx2, OPN, M, PCNA, hsCRP, T, (↓all but hsCRP; ↓TC) | Rajamannan et al. 2002 [78] | | JWR | 1% chol., 8 wk, (ARB) | 1510 ± 265 | ↓VEC integrity, eNOS; ↑L, M, OPN, My, Runx2, ACE, (all trends reversed) | Arishiro et al. 2007 [95] | | NZWR | 1% chol., 8 wk, (eplerenone) | 1206 ± 160 | ↑C, L, Fc, M, ACE, (↓all; ↑aldosterone levels) | Gkizas et al. 2010 [96] | | NZWR | 0.5% chol., 3 mo, (atorvastatin) | 1725 ± 637 | ↑hsCRP, T, C; ↓nitrate, (↓hsCRP, T, C, TC; ↑eNOS, nitrate) | Rajamannan et al. 2005 [85] | | NZWR | 1% chol., VitD2 50,000 IU [daily], 12 wk | 1670 ± 150 | ↑T, D, Col, L, C, Cl, M, My, TF, TVG; ↓ADV | Marechaux et al. 2009 [97] | | NZWR | 0.5% chol., VitD2 50,000 IU [daily], 12 wk | ~1737 | ↑TVG, serum calcium, C; ↓AVA | Drolet et al. 2003 [80] | | NZWR | 0.5% chol., VitD2 50,000 IU [3 times/wk], 10 wk | — | ↑TVG, E, C, Tc, M, My, serum calcium & phosphate; ↓AVA | Drolet et al. 2008 [82] | | NZWR | 0.5% chol., VitD2 100,000 IU [daily], 12 wk, (tempol) (Lipoic acid) | 1363 ± 90 | ↑M, T, Cl, Col, C, E, OPN, Runx2, OC, SO, HP, N/OS, OS, SCP, SC; ↓AVA, (↑C, OC, HP, OS; ↓SO, Cl, N/OS) (↓C, E, SO, HP, N/OS) | Liberman et al. 2008 [19] | | NZWR | 0.25% chol., 20 & 40 wk | 822 ± 61 | ↑T, L, Col, reorganization of Col & elastin, M, OPN | Cimini et al. 2005 [74] | | NZWR | 0.12–0.25% chol., 15 & 30 mo, (atorvastatin) | 500 titrated | ↑L, M, Tc, T, Col, C, OPN, R, (↓L, M, Tc, T, OPN) | Hamilton et al. 2011 [83] | | NZWR | VitD2 25,000 IU[4 times/wk], 8 wk | — | ↑TV, TVG, E, L, C, M, Lc, TXNIP, SCP, TC, SC, LVH; ↓AVA, VEC fn | Ngo et al. 2008 [98] | | NZWR | VitD2 25,000 IU[4 times/wk], 8 wk, (ramipril) | — | Same as above, (↓TV, E, LVH, TXNIP, SCP; ↑VEC fn) | Ngo et al. 2011 [99] | | WHHL | 0.25% chol., 6 mo, (atorvastatin) | 1329 ± 141 | ↑T, Lpr5, PCNA, OPN, p42/44, C, My, (↓all & TC) | Rajamannan et al. 2005 [84] |
| | Swine |
| | Yorkshire | normal (N) or chol, fat, diabetes(HCD), 6 mo | — | HCD has L and C; N Aortic VEC are antioxidative, non-I, and permissive to C | Simmons et al. 2005 [100] | | Yorkshire | 1.5% chol., 15% lard, 2 wk & 6 mo | 549 ± 114 | ↑L, C; Aortic VEC are anti-I, and anticalcific | Guerraty et al. 2010 [101] |
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*Rabbit and porcine diets are expressed as % weight added over base diet.
†mg/dL. Normal total cholesterol ranges: human: 197 ± 23 mg/dL [61], mouse: 90–110 mg/dL, rabbit: 30–60 mg/dL, WHHL: 284 ± 29 mg/dL, swine: 60–75 mg/dL.
↑: increased compared to control, ↓: decreased compared to control, ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme, ADV: aortic Doppler velocity, ALP: alkaline phosphatase activity, ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker, AVA: aortic valve area, C: calcification, Cl: cellularity, Col: collagen, D: ECM disorganization, E: echogenicity, ECM: extracellular matrix, Fb: fibroblasts, Fc: foam cells, fn: function, HDL: high density lipoproteins, HP: hydrogen peroxide, hsCRP: highly sensitive C-reactive protein, I: inflammatory, JWR: Japanese white rabbit, L: lipid deposition, Lc: leukocyte (CD45), LVH: left ventricle hypertrophy, M: macrophage, My: myofibroblast, n/a: not applicable, N/OS: nitro/oxidative stress, NZWR: New Zealand white rabbit, OC: osteoclasts, OPN: osteopontin, OS: NAD(P)H oxidase subunits, PCNA: proliferating cell nuclear antigen, PG: proteoglycans, R: regurgitant flow, SC: serum creatinine, SCP: serum calcium-phosphate, SO: superoxide, T: thickness, Tc: T-cell, TC: total cholesterol, TF: tissue factor, TG: triglycerides, TVG: transvalvular pressure gradient, TV: transvalvular velocity, and VEC: valve endothelial cells.
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