Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Heart Disease: Do Antioxidants Have a Role in Treatment and/or Prevention?

Figure 2

Antioxidant activity depends on molecular structure and localization (“Alignment”) in cellular/mitochondrial Membrane. Extent of deviation in the X-ray crystallographic pattern correlates with an increase in lipid peroxide formation. Correlation between membrane structure changes and LOOH formation (LOOH, lipid peroxide). Differences in relative electron density as a function of treatment with various carotenoids in POPC membranes containing a C/P mole ratio of 0.2. For the peroxidation study, various carotenoids (10 μM) were incorporated into DLPC membranes and underwent lipid peroxidation at 37°C for 48 h. Expressed as percent increase or decrease in LOOH (lipid peroxide) formation compared to controls containing no carotenoids. *𝑃<0.001 versus control; ^‡𝑃<0.01 versus control; ^†𝑃<0.05 versus control; 𝑛=5∼6. (POPC, 1-palmitoyl 2-oleoyl-3-sn-glycerophosphatidylcholine), adapted from McNulty et al. [46].