The Evolving Treatment Options for Diabetic Macular Edema

Table 1

Inflammatory factors suggested to play a role in DME.

Reference	Factor	Abbreviation	Clinical relevance
[15]	Angiopoietin-1 and 2	Ang1/Ang2	Angiogenesis and neovascularization
[16]	Erythropoietin	Epo	Stimulates retinal endothelial cell proliferation
[17]	Hepatocyte growth factor	HGF	Stimulate: proliferation, migration, and invasiveness of retinal endothelial cells
[18]	High-sensitivity C-reactive protein	hsCRP	Possibly related to CSME and hard exudation
[19]	Insulin-like growth factor-1	IGF-1	Angiogenesis
[18]	Intercellular adhesion molecule 1	ICAM-1	Possibly related to CSME and hard exudation
[20]	Interleukin 6	IL-6	Vascular permeability
[20]	Interleukin 8	IL-8	Mechanism unknown, upregulated in DME but not macular edema from vascular occlusive disease
[20]	Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1	MCP-1	Leukostasis leading to hypoxia
[21]	Pigment epithelium-derived factor	PEDF	Antiangiogenic and antiinflammatory
[22]	Protein kinase C	PKC	Increases vascular permeability and contractility
[19]	Stromal-derived factor 1	SDF-1	Angiogenesis
[23]	Thrombospondins 1 and 2	TSP-1 and 2	Anti-angiogenic; inhibit endothelial cell proliferation and apoptosis
[20]	Vascular endothelial growth factor	VEGF	Angiogenesis and vascular permeability