The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Vascular Inflammation and Remodeling

Table 1

Pharmacological effects of RAAS inhibitors on cardiovascular function.

DRI	ACEI	ARB	MRB	Ang 1–7	ASI	(P)RRI
↓ Cardiac; hypertrophy	↑ Endothelial; function	↑ Endothelial; function	↓ Heart attack	Vasodilation	↓ Blood; pressure
↓ Blood pressure	↑ NO	↓ Inflammation	↓ Blood pressure	↓ Proliferation
↑ Endothelial; Function	• Bradikynin	↓ Oxidative stress	↓ Inflammation	↓ Cardiac fibrosis	↓ Cardiac; remodeling	↓ Cardiac; fibrosis
↓ Monocytes; Adhesion	↓ Vascular; remodeling	↓ Cardiac fibrosis	↓ Atherosclerosis	↓ Hypertrophy	↓ Cardiac; hyperthrophy	↓ Retinal; inflammation
↓ Inflammation	• EDHF	↓ Vascular; remodeling		↓ Vascular remodeling
↓ Vascular intima hypertrophy
↓ Oxidative stress

ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: type 1 Ang II receptor blockers; MRB: mineralcorticoid receptor blockers; DRI: direct rennin inhibitors; NO: nitric oxide; EDHF: endothelium derived hyperpolarizing factor. Thin arrow: increased or decreased; bullet: maintenance of the level.