Cytokines as Biomarkers and Their Respective Clinical Cutoff Levels

Figure 2

TNF-α activation of NF-κB pathway. Upon binding with the receptor, TNF-α permits activation of IKK complexes, which then phosphorylate IκB. Phosphorylated IκB is then targeted for degradation, allowing NF-κB to translocate to the nucleus to regulate tumorigenic activity and immune defense. IL-10 inhibits this response transcriptionally.