Sterile Neuroinflammation and Strategies for Therapeutic Intervention

Figure 3

Propagation of “damage signals.” Harmful stimuli in the brain (e.g., brain injury and excessive neurodegeneration) generate endogenous DAMPs that induce the release of inflammatory mediators by activating PRRs. In turn, these molecules upregulate their own expression, directly activate the release of DAMPs, and trigger further tissue damage leading to increasing DAMPs level. Hence, a sustained aggressive cycle may result in chronic neuroinflammation. However, a controlled release of DAMPs has beneficial roles in immunity and tissue repair process.