Genetic Markers of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Emphasis on Insulin Resistance

Figure 1

Interaction of insulin with insulin receptor (INSR) triggers key molecular signal cascades which participate actively in effecting pleiotropic biological actions in respective target cells. Insulin binding activates INSR β subunit tyrosine kinase which phosphorylates IRS proteins that subsequently activates downstream mediators thus facilitating metabolic and mitogenic actions of insulin. IRS: insulin receptor substrate; Shc: Src homology domain containing transforming protein 2; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; Grb2/SOS: growth factor receptor-bound receptor 2/Son of Sevenless; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway; PIP3: phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate; SHP-2: SH2 domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase; Akt: protein kinase B; mTORC1: mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1; GSK3: glycogen synthase kinase 3; Glut4: glucose transporter type 4; MEK: MAP kinase kinase; ERK1/2: extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2; StAR: steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; p450scc: P450 side-chain cleavage; CYP17: cytochrome P450c17; 3βHSD: 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; CAP: c-Cbl Associated Protein; C3G: Crk SH3-binding guanine nucleotide-releasing factor; ENPP1: ectoenzyme nucleotide pyrophosphate phosphodiesterase; CAPN10: calpain-10; PPARγ: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma.