Yeast Methylotrophy: Metabolism, Gene Regulation and Peroxisome Homeostasis

Figure 1

Outline of methanol metabolism in methylotrophic yeasts. Enzymes: ADH (MFS): alcohol dehydrogenase (methylformate-synthesizing enzyme); AOD: alcohol oxidase; CTA: catalase; DAK: dihydroxyacetone kinase; DAS: dihydroxyacetone synthase; FDH: formate dehydrogenase; FGH: S-formylglutathione hydrolase; FLD: formaldehyde dehydrogenase; GLR: glutathione reductase; Pmp20: peroxisome membrane protein which has glutathione peroxidase activity. Abbreviations: DHA: dihydroxyacetone; DHAP: dihydroxyacetone phosphate; F6P: fructose 6-phosphate; FBP: fructose 1,6-bisphosphate; GAP: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; GS-CH₂OH: S-hydroxymethyl glutathione; GS-CHO: S-formylglutathione; GSH: reduced form of glutathione; GSSG: oxidized form of glutathione; RCOOOH: alkyl hydroperoxide; Xu5P: xylulose 5-phosphate.