Coleopteran Antimicrobial Peptides: Prospects for Clinical Applications

Figure 1

Activation mechanisms in the coleopteran immune system. Immune response pathways activated by bacteria and fungi showing a pathogen-associated recognition pattern (PAMP), pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), and downstream signaling molecules. The protease cascade in the Toll pathway involves the modular apical modular serine protease (MSP), the Spz-processing enzyme-activating enzyme (SAE), and the spaëtzle processing enzyme (SPE). GNBP3: glucan binding protein 3; PGRP: peptidoglycan recognition protein.