|
| Bacterial species | Effect on C. albicans hyphal growth | Effect on Candida biofilm |
|
| Staphylococcus aureus (+) | Associates to hyphal cells (56%) [80] | No antagonistic effect in dual biofilms with C. albicans (BacLight LIVE/DEAD assay) [80] |
|
| Staphylococcus epidermidis (+) | Associates to hyphal cells (25%) [80] | Reduced adhesion and biofilm formation by a glycocalyx producer strain (CFU counts) [82] |
|
| Streptococcus pyogenes (+) | Associates to hyphal cells (25%) [80] | |
|
| Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus intermedius | S. mutans inhibits hyphal formation [89, 90] | No significant effect on biofilm viability at densities ranging from 6.25·105 to 1·107 cells/mL (bacteria added to preformed 3-hour-old biofilms; polystyrene in vitro model; CFUs analyses) [81] |
|
| Streptococcus gordonii (+) | Stimulates hyphal growth [91] | Promotes mixed biofilms with C. albicans [91] |
|
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa (−) | (i) Associates to hyphal cells (17%) [80]
(ii) Reduced hyphal growth in C. albicans-P. aeruginosa dual biofilms [81]
(iii) Binds hyphae and kill C. albicans [92] | (i) Reduced adhesion and biofilm formation by a nonglycocalyx producer strain (CFU counts) [82]
(ii) Reduction of biofilm mass ranging from 40% to 80% in a density-dependent manner [90]
(iii) Mutual biofilm inhibition between Pa and C. albicans, C. krusei and C. glabrata; decreased biofilm formation of C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis in presence of Pa; increased CFUs of Pa in presence of C. tropicalis [93] |
|
| Escherichia coli (−) | Associates to hyphal cells (5.7%) [80] | (i) Reduction of biofilm mass ranging from 50% to 80% [81]
(ii) Mutual decrease in biofilm cell mass between Ec and C. albicans; inhibition of biofilm development by C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, and C. dubliniensis; increased Ec cell numbers within C. tropicalis and C. dubliniensis biofilms [94] |
|
| Lactobacillus acidophilus | | Inhibition of viable biofilm cell mass by 40% [81] |
|
| Bacillus subtilis | Associates to hyphal cells (2.5%) [80] | |
|
| Actinomyces israelii (+) | | Some inhibition of biofilm at high densities [81] |
|
| Prevotella nigrescens and Porphyromonas gingivalis | Inhibition of C. albicans hyphal development [95] | Reduction of C. albicans biofilms, only at high densities [81] |
|
| Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, and Enterobacter cloacae | | Decreased biofilm formation (CFU counts) [82] |
|
