Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Clinical Isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Two Kenyan Facilities: A National Referral and a Level Five Hospital
Table 5
Proportion of clinical isolates of E. coli with ESBL-associated antimicrobial resistance.
Antimicrobial agent
ESBL status
ELVH n = 34 (%)
KNH n = 104 (%)
value
Total n = 138 (%)
Ceftriaxone
Positive
16 (47.1)
80 (76.9)
0.3488
96 (69.6)
Negative
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
Levofloxacin
Positive
13 (38.2)
54 (51.9)
>0.9999
70 (50.7)
Negative
0 (0.0)
3 (2.9)
Azithromycin
Positive
12 (35.3)
49 (47.1)
>0.9999
61 (44.2)
Negative
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
Cefepime
Positive
14 (41.2)
33 (31.7)
>0.9999
47 (34.1)
Negative
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid
Positive
3 (8.8)
30 (28.8)
>0.9999
36 (26.1)
Negative
0 (0.0)
3 (2.9)
Piperacillin/Tazobactam
Positive
4 (11.8)
20 (19.2)
>0.9999
24 (17.4)
Negative
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
Cefoxitin
Positive
5 (14.7)
17 (16.3)
>0.9999
22 (15.9)
Negative
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
Minocycline
Positive
2 (5.9)
15 (14.4)
>0.9999
20 (14.5)
Negative
0 (0.0)
3 (2.9)
Meropenem
Positive
4 (11.8)
8 (7.7)
>0.9999
12 (8.7)
Negative
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
Amikacin
Positive
4 (11.8)
0 (0)
>0.9999
4 (2.9)
Negative
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
Tigecycline
Positive
1 (2.9)
0 (0)
>0.9999
1 (0.72)
Negative
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
Nitrofurantoin
Positive
1 (3.8)a
5 (15.6)b
>0.9999
6 (10.3)c
Negative
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
MDR
Positive
12 (35.3)
43 (41.3)
>0.9999
55 (39.9)
Negative
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
Fisher’s exact test at ; ESBL: Extended-spectrum β-Lactamase; +ve: positive; −ve: negative; n: sample size; KNH: Kenyatta national hospital; ELVH: Embu level V hospital; : Only urine isolates were tested against Nitrofurantoin according to the CLSI 2020 guidelines [28]; a: the total urine isolates from Embu Level V Hospital; b: Total number urine isolates from KNH; c: the overall number of urine isolates; MDR: Multi-drug Resistance. The values in parenthesis are percentage proportions of E. coli isolates producing or not producing ESBLs.
