Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Clinical Isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Two Kenyan Facilities: A National Referral and a Level Five Hospital
Table 6
Proportion of clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae with ESBL-associated antimicrobial resistance.
Antimicrobial agent
ESBL status
ELVH n = 12 (%)
KNH n = 115 (%)
value
Total n = 127 (%)
Ceftriaxone
Positive
12 (100)
103 (89.5)
>0.9999
116 (91.3)
Negative
0 (0.0)
1 (0.9)
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid
Positive
7 (58.3)
80 (69.6)
>0.9999
90 (70.9)
Negative
0 (0.0)
3 (2.6)
Cefepime
Positive
2 (16.7)
73 (63.5)
>0.9999
77 (60.6)
Negative
0 (0.0)
2 (1.7)
Azithromycin
Positive
5 (41.7)
22 (19.1)
>0.9999
28 (22)
Negative
0 (0.0)
1 (0.9)
Levofloxacin
Positive
2 (16.7)
11 (9.6)
>0.9999
16 (12.6)
Negative
0 (0.0)
3 (2.6)
Piperacillin/tazobactam
Positive
1 (8.3)
13 (11.3)
>0.9999
16 (12.6)
Negative
0 (0.0)
2 (1.7)
Minocycline
Positive
3 (25.0)
10 (8.7)
>0.9999
15 (11.8)
Negative
0 (0.0)
2 (1.7)
Cefoxitin
Positive
4 (33.3)
7 (6.1)
>0.9999
12 (9.4)
Negative
0 (0.0)
1 (0.9)
Tigecycline
Positive
4 (33.3)
4 (3.48)
>0.9999
8 (6.2)
Negative
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
Meropenem
Positive
1 (8.3)
2 (1.7)
>0.9999
3 (2.4)
Negative
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
Amikacin
Positive
0 (0.0)
1(0.79)
>0.9999
1 (0.8)
Negative
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
Nitrofurantoin
Positive
7 (77.8)a
3 (23.1)b
>0.9999
10 (45.5)c
Negative
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
MDR isolates
Positive
6 (50.0)
10 (8.7)
>0.9999
17 (13.4)
Negative
0 (0.0)
1 (0.9)
Fisher’s exact test at α0.05; ESBL: Extended-spectrum β-Lactamase; n: sample size; KNH: Kenyatta national hospital; ELVH: Embu level V hospital; : Only urine isolates were tested against Nitrofurantoin according to the CLSI 2020 guidelines [28]; a: the total urine isolates from Embu level V hospital; b: the total urine isolates from Kenyatta national hospital; c: total number of urine isolates; MDR; multi-drug resistance. The values in parenthesis are percentage proportions of K. pneumoniae isolates producing or not producing ESBLs.
