Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Clinical Isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Two Kenyan Facilities: A National Referral and a Level Five Hospital
Table 7
Frequency of the E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates exhibiting the ESBL-associated MDR phenotypes.
Multi-drug resistance phenotypes
E. coli
K. pneumoniae
Total N (%)
ELVH n (%)
KNH n (%)
ELVH n (%)
KNH n (%)
AN-CRO-FEP-AMC-TZP-MEM-AZM-LVX-TGC
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (0.9)
1 (1.4)
FOX-CRO-FEP-MEM-AZM-LVX-MI-TGC-AN
1 (2.9)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (1.4)
FOX-CRO-FEP-AMC-TZP-AZM-LVX-MI-FM
0 (0.0)
1 (1)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (1.4)
FOX-CRO-FEP-AMC-TZP-AZM-LVX-FM
1 (2.9)
1 (1)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
2 (2.8)
FOX-CRO-FEP-AMC-TZP-MEM-AZM-LVX
0 (0.0)
6 (5.8)
0 (0.0)
1 (0.9)
7 (9.7)
FOX-CRO-FEP-AMC-TZP-AZM-LVX-MI
0 (0.0)
4 (3.8)
0 (0.0)
2 (1.7)
6 (8.3)
FOX-CRO-FEP-AMC-TZP-LVX-MI
0 (0.0)
2 (1.9)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
2 (2.8)
FOX-CRO-FEP-MEM-AZM-TGC-AN
1 (2.9)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (1.4)
FOX-CRO-FEP-AMC-TZP-MEM-LVX
0 (0.0)
1 (1)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (1.4)
FOX-CRO-AMC-AZM-MI-TGC-FM
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (8.3)
0 (0.0)
1 (1.4)
FOX-AMC-TZP-AZM-LVX-FM
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (0.9)
1 (1.4)
FOX-CRO-AMC-MEM-TGC-FM
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (8.3)
0 (0.0)
1 (1.4)
FOX-CRO-AMC-MI-TGC-FM
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
2 (16.7)
0 (0.0)
2 (2.8)
CRO-FEP-AMC-TZP-AZM-LVX-FM
0 (0.0)
1 (1)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (1.4)
CRO-FEP-AMC-TZP-MEM-AZM-LVX
0 (0.0)
1 (1)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (1.4)
FOX-CRO-FEP-MEM-AZM-AN
1 (2.9)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (1.4)
FOX-FEP-AMC-AZM-LVX-MI
0 (0.0)
1 (1)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (1.4)
FOX-CRO-FEP-AMC-LVX-MI
0 (0.0)
1 (1)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (1.4)
FOX-CRO-FEP-MI-TGC
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (0.9)
1 (1.4)
CRO-FEP-AMC-TZP-AZM-LVX
1 (2.9)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (1.4)
CRO-FEP-AZM-LVX-TGC-FM
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (0.9)
1 (1.4)
CRO-AMC-TZP-AZM-MI
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
2 (1.7)
2 (2.8)
CRO-FEP-TZP-MEM-AN
1 (2.9)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (1.4)
CRO-FEP-AMC-AZM-LVX
0 (0.0)
3 (2.9)
1 (8.3)
0 (0.0)
4 (5.6)
CRO-FEP-AZM-LVX-MI
1 (2.9)
1 (1)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
2 (2.8)
CRO-FEP-AMC-AZM-MI
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (0.9)
1 (1.4)
CRO-FEP-AZM-LVX
4 (11.8)
1 (1)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
5 (6.9)
CRO-FEP-LVX-FM
0 (0.0)
1 (1)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (1.4)
CRO-FEP-LVX-MI
0 (0.0)
1 (1)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (1.4)
CRO-TZP-AZM-LVX
0 (0.0)
1 (1)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (1.4)
CRO-TZP-AZM-TGC
1 (2.9)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (1.4)
CRO-AMC-AZM-LVX
0 (0.0)
3 (2.9)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
3 (4.2)
CRO-FEP-AZM-LVX
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (0.9)
1 (1.4)
CRO-AZM-LVX-MI
0 (0.0)
5 (4.8)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
5 (6.9)
CRO-AZM-LVX
0 (0.0)
8 (7.7)
1 (8.3)
0 (0.0)
9 (12.5)
Total number of the MDR phenotypes
12 (35.3)
43 (41.3)
6 (50)
11 (9.6)
72 (100)
All the isolates were ESBL-positive. FOX: Cefoxitin; CRO: Ceftriaxone; FEP: Cefepime; AMC: Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid; TZP: Piperacillin/Tazobactam; MEM: Meropenem; AN: Amikacin; AZM: Azithromycin; LVX: Levofloxacin; MI: Minocycline; TGC: Tigecycline (TGC); FM: Nitrofurantoin; ELVH: Embu Level V Hospital; KNH; Kenyatta National Hospital; n: Sample size; N: Total number of isolates; : Observed in both the ESBL-positive and ESBL-negative isolates. The values in parenthesis indicate the percentage proportion of clinical isolates exhibiting ESBL-associated MDR phenotypes.
