Abstract
The purpose of the present paper is to give some characterizations for a (Gaussian) hypergeometric function to be in various subclasses of starlike and convex functions. We also consider an integral operator related to the hypergeometric function.
1. Introduction
Let be the class consisting of functions of the form that are analytic and univalent in the open unit disk . Let and denote the subclasses of consisting of starlike and convex functions of order , respectively [1].
Recently, Bharati et al. [2] introduced the following subclasses of starlike and convex functions.
Definition 1.1. A function of the form (1.1) is in if it satisfies the condition and if and only if .
Definition 1.2. A function of the form (1.1) is in if it satisfies the condition and if and only if .
Bharati et al. [2] showed that , and . In particular, we note that is the class of uniformly convex functions given by Goodman [3] (also see [4–6]).
Let be the (Gaussian) hypergeometric function defined by where , and is the Pochhammer symbol defined by We note that converges for and is related to the Gamma function by Silverman [7] gave necessary and sufficient conditions for to be in and , and also examined a linear operator acting on hypergeometric functions. For the other interesting developments for in connection with various subclasses of univalent functions, the readers can refer to the works of Carlson and Shaffer [8], Merkes and Scott [9], and Ruscheweyh and Singh [10].
In the present paper, we determine necessary and sufficient conditions for to be in and . Furthermore, we consider an integral operator related to the hypergeometric function.
2. Results
To establish our main results, we need the following lemmas due to Bharati et al. [2].
Lemma 2.1. (i) A
function of the form (1.1) is in if and only if it satisfies
(ii) A function of the form (1.1) is in if and only if it satisfies
Lemma 2.2. (i) A function of the form (1.1) is in if and only if it satisfies
(ii) A function of the form (1.1) is in if and only if it satisfies
Theorem 2.3. (i) If and ,
then is in if and only if
(ii) If and ,
then is in if and only if
Proof. (i) Since according to (i) of Lemma 2.1,
we must show that Noting that and then applying (1.6), we
have Hence, (2.8) is equivalent
to Thus, (2.10) is valid if and only
if or, equivalently, .
(ii) Since by (i) of Lemma 2.1, we need
only to show that Now, But this last expression is
bounded above by if and only if (2.6) holds.
Theorem 2.4. (i) If and ,
then is in if and only if
(ii) If and ,
then is in if and only if
Proof. (i) Since has the form (2.7), we see from (ii) of Lemma
2.1 that our conclusion is equivalent to Writing ,
we see that This last expression is bounded
above by if and only if which is equivalent to (2.14).
(ii) In view of (ii) of Lemma 2.1, we need only to
show that Now, Writing ,
we have Substituting (2.21) into the right-hand side of (2.20), we obtain Since ,
we write (2.22) as By simplification, we see that
the last expression is bounded above by if and only if (2.15) holds.
Theorem 2.5. (i) If and ,
then is in if and only if
(ii) If and ,
then is in if and only if
Proof. (i) Since according to (i) of Lemma 2.2,
we must show that Noting that and then applying (1.6), we
have Hence, (2.27) is equivalent
to Thus, (2.29) is valid if and only if or, equivalently, .
(ii) Since by (i) of Lemma 2.2, we need
only to show that Now, But this last expression is
bounded above by if and only if (2.25) holds.
Theorem 2.6. (i) If and ,
then is in if and only if
(ii) If and ,
then is in if and only if
Proof. (i) Since has the form (2.26), we see from (ii) of Lemma
2.2 that our conclusion is equivalent to Writing ,
we see that This last expression is bounded
above by if and only if ,
which is equivalent to (2.33).
(ii) In view of (ii) of Lemma 2.2, we need only to
show that Now, Substituting (2.21) into the right-hand side of (2.38), we obtain Since ,
we may write (2.39) as By simplification, we see that
the last expression is bounded above by if and only if (2.34) holds.
3. An Integral Operator
In the next theorems, we obtain similar-type results in connection with a particular integral operator acting on as follows:
Theorem 3.1. Let and .
Then,
(i) defined by (3.1) is in if and only if (ii) defined by (3.1) is in if and only if
Proof. (i) Since by (i) of Lemma 2.1, we need
only to show that Now, which is equivalent to (3.2).
(ii) According to (i) of Lemma 2.2, it is sufficient
to show that Now, which is equivalent to (3.3).
Now, we observe
that if and only if . Thus, any result of functions belonging to the class about leads to that of functions belonging to the
class .
Hence, we obtain the following analogues to Theorems 2.3 and 2.5.
Theorem 3.2. Let and .
Then,
(i) defined by (3.1) is in if and only if (ii) defined by (3.1) is in if and only if