Abstract
We study the backward problem with time-dependent coefficient which is a severely ill-posed problem. We regularize this problem by combining quasi-boundary value method and quasi-reversibility method and then obtain sharp error estimate between the exact solution and the regularized solution. A numerical experiment is given in order to illustrate our results.
1. Introduction
We consider the inverse time problem for the nonlinear parabolic equation where is thermal conductivity function of (1.1) such that there exist , satisfying for all .
In other words, from the temperature distribution at a particular time (final data), we want to retrieve the temperature distribution at any earlier time . This problem is called the backward heat problem (BHP), or final-value problem. As known, this problem is severely ill-posed in Hadamard’s sense; that is, solutions do not always exist, and when they exist, they do not depend continuously on the given data. In practice, datum is based on (physical) measurements. Hence, there will be measurement errors, and we would actually have datum function such that . Thus, form small error contaminating physical measurements, the solutions corresponding to datum function have large errors. This makes it difficult to make numerical calculations with perturbed data.
In our knowledge, there have been many papers on the linear homogeneous case of the backward problem, but there are a few papers on the nonhomogeneous case and the nonlinear case such as [1–6]; especially, the nonlinear case with time-dependent thermal conductivity coefficient is very scarce. Moreover, the thermal conductivity is the property of a material’s ability to conduct heat. Therefore, the thermal conductivity is not a constant in some cases. In this paper, we extend the result (in [7]) for the case of the time-dependent thermal conductivity . In future, we will research the BHP problem for the case of the time- and space-dependent thermal conductivity .
In [8], the authors used the quasi-reversibility method to regularize a 1D linear nonhomogeneous backward problem. Very recently, in [9], the methods of integral equations and of Fourier transform have been used to solve a 1D problem in an unbounded region. In recent articles considering the nonlinear backward heat problem, we refer the reader to [10]. In [11], the authors used the quasi-boundary value method to regularize the latter problem. However, in [11], the authors showed that the error between the regularized solution and the exact solution is
It is easy to see that the convergence of the error estimate between the regularized solution and the exact solution is very slow when is in a neighborhood of zero. For this reason, the error estimate in initial time is given by
We can easily find that the exact solution of (1.1)–(1.3) satisfies where
In this paper, we will approximate (1.1)–(1.3) by using the regularization problem: where . Actually, in [12], we also considered the problem (1.1)–(1.3) for the homogeneous case in . Hence, we want to extend for the nonlinear case in bounded region , and this is the biggest different point in this paper.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we shall regularize the ill-posed problem (1.1)–(1.3) and give the error estimate between the regularized solution and the exact solution. Then, in Section 3, a numerical example is given.
2. Regularization and Error Estimates
For clarity of notation, we denote the solution of (1.1)–(1.3) by and the solution of the regularized problem (1.12) by . Throughout this paper, we denote , and, be a positive number such that . Hereafter, we have a number of inequalities in order to evaluate error estimates.
Lemma 2.1. Let be a function satisfying (1.4), , and be as in (1.11). Then for and , one gets(i), (ii).
Proof of Lemma 2.1. The proof of Lemma 2.1 can be found in [12].
Theorem 2.2. Let and such that there exists independent of satisfying Then problem (1.12) has a unique weak solution satisfying the following equality: where
Proof of Theorem 2.2. Step 1. The existence and the uniqueness of the solution of the problem (2.2)
Put
where
We claim that, for every , , we have
where and is supremum norm in . We shall prove this inequality by induction. For , we have
From Lemma 2.1, we get
It follows
Therefore, we have
where .
Thus, (2.6) holds for . Supposing that (2.6) holds for , we shall prove that (2.6) holds for . In fact, we get
Hence, we obtain
Thus, we have
Therefore, by the induction principle, we have
for all .
We consider . Since
when there exists a positive integer number such that
and is a contraction. It follows that the equation has a unique solution .We claim that . In fact, one has . Hence, . By the uniqueness of the fixed point of , one has ; that is, the equation has a unique solution .
Step 2. If satisfies (2.2), then is the solution of the problem (1.12). For , we have
We can verify directly that . In fact, . Moreover, one has
Hence, is the solution of (1.12).
Step 3. The problem (1.12) has at most one solution . In fact, let and be two solutions of (1.12) such that . Putting , then satisfies
It follows that
By using the result in Lees and Protter [13], we get . This completes the proof of Step 3.
Finally, by combining three steps, we complete the proof of Theorem 2.2.
Theorem 2.3 (stability of the modified method). Let f be as in Theorem 2.2, and let in satisfy . If one supposes that and defined by (2.2) are corresponding to the final values and in , respectively, then one obtains
Proof of Theorem 2.3. Using the inequality and Lemma 2.1, we get the estimate
Thus, we get
Hence, we obtain
Thus, we get
By using Gronwall’s inequality, we have
It follows
This completes the proof of Theorem 2.3.
Theorem 2.4. Let u be the exact solution of problem (1.1)–(1.3) such that for all . Letting and given by (2.2) corresponding to the perturbed data , then one has for every where .
Proof of Theorem 2.4. From (1.1), we construct the regularized solution corresponding to the exact data and the perturbed data
where
Since (1.8) and (2.32), we get
From , we get
By applying the inequality , we get
Using Lemma 2.1, we obtain
where
Hence, we get the following estimates
From the estimate (2.39), we get
Hence, we have
Applying Gronwall’s inequality, we obtain
Hence, we get
From (1.1), we have
where
Therefore, we get the estimate
Let be the solution of (1.12) corresponding to the perturbed data , and let be the solution of (1.12) corresponding to the exact data . From Theorem 2.3 and (2.46), we can get
where .
This completes the proof of Theorem 2.4.
3. Numerical Experiment
Consider the nonlinear parabolic equation with time-dependent coefficient: where
The exact solution of the equation is
Letting , from (3.3), we have
Consider the measured data
Then we have
From (2.31) and (3.5), we have the regularized solution for the case in the form of iteration where
We consider , , , , , , , , and . Now, we get Table 1 for the case .
We have in Figure 1 the graphs of the regularized solution , and .
(a)
(b)
(c)
We have in Figure 2 the graphs of the regularized solution , and .
(a)
(b)
(c)
We have in Figure 3 the graphs of the exact solution and of the regularized solution , and .
(a)
(b)
(c)
Now, Figure 4 can represent visually the exact solution and regularized solutions corresponding to , at initially time .
Notice that, in Figure 4, the curve number 0 expressing the exact solution is indistinguishable from the curve number expressing the regularized solution corresponding to , .
Remark 3.1. From (1.7) and (3.5), we obtain the exact solution corresponding to the measured data :
where
Now, we cannot calculate the formula (3.9) exactly (we need to find while we have not known yet). From Theorem 2.2, we use the iteration for (3.9) at initial time as follows:
where
Then we get the error in the Table 2.
We can see that the error is very large. Therefore, the problem is ill-posed and a regularization is necessary.
Acknowledgment
All authors were supported by the National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED).