Review Article
The Cardiorenal Syndrome: Making the Connection
Table 1
Risk factors for the cardiorenal syndrome [
1].
| Clinical | (i) Older age | (ii) Comorbid conditions (diabetes mellitus, uncontrolled hypertension, and anemia | (iii) Drugs | (a) Antiinflammatory agents | (b) Diuretics (thiazides, loop diuretics) | (c) Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers | (d) Aldosterone receptor antagonists | Heart | (i) History of heart failure or impaired left ventricular ejection fraction | (ii) Prior myocardial infection | (iii) New York Hear Association functional class | (iv) Elevated cardiac troponin | Kidney | (i) Chronic kidney disease (reduced eGFR, elevated BUN, creatinine, or cystatin) |
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