Review Article
Heart-Kidney Interaction: Epidemiology of Cardiorenal Syndromes
Table 5
Summary of potential etiologies for acute and chronic Secondary Cardiorenal Syndromes (Type 5).
| (a) Acute Systemic Illness |
| Severe sepsis/septic shock | Specific infections |
| HIV | Malaria | Leptospirosis | Hepatitis C virus |
| Drug toxicity | Cocaine | Heroine | Calcium-channel blockers | Cancer chemotherapy |
| Connective tissue diseases | Systemic lupus erythematosus | Scleroderma | Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome |
| Microangiopathy | TTP/HUS | Pregnancy | Malignant hypertension |
| Hemorrhagic shock | Vasculitis | Malignancy (i.e., lymphoma/leukemia) |
| (b) Chronic Systemic Illness |
| Hypertension | Diabetes Mellitus | Primary/Secondary Amyloidosis | Multiple Myeloma/Paraproteinemias | Sarcoidosis | Liver Cirrhosis | Primary/Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension |
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