Heart-Kidney Interaction: Epidemiology of Cardiorenal Syndromes

Table 5

Summary of potential etiologies for acute and chronic Secondary Cardiorenal Syndromes (Type 5).

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(a) Acute Systemic Illness

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Severe sepsis/septic shock

Specific infections

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 HIV

 Malaria

 Leptospirosis

 Hepatitis C virus

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Drug toxicity

 Cocaine

 Heroine

 Calcium-channel blockers

 Cancer chemotherapy

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Connective tissue diseases

 Systemic lupus erythematosus

 Scleroderma

 Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome

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Microangiopathy

 TTP/HUS

 Pregnancy

 Malignant hypertension

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Hemorrhagic shock

Vasculitis

Malignancy (i.e., lymphoma/leukemia)

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(b) Chronic Systemic Illness

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Hypertension

Diabetes Mellitus

Primary/Secondary Amyloidosis

Multiple Myeloma/Paraproteinemias

Sarcoidosis

Liver Cirrhosis

Primary/Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension

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