Table 1: Risk factors and associated mechanisms in PUBS.

Risk factors for PUBS Associated mechanisms Female gender Predisposing anatomy to UTI occurrence Increased tryptophan dietary content Increased available substrate for conversion Increased urine alkalinity [4] Facilitates indoxyl oxidation Severe constipation [5] Increased time for bacterial deamination Chronic indwelling urinary catheterization Increased risk of UTIs High urinary bacterial load [5] Bacterial sulfatase/phosphatase availability Renal failure Impaired clearance of indoxyl sulfate