Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 4—Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Management

Figure 1

Heart alterations and their consequences in CKD. AVF: arteriovenous fistula, AngII: angiotensin II, ET-1: endothelin-1, LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy, PTH: parathormone, RAAS: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, SNS: sympathetic nervous system.