Vascular Accesses for Haemodialysis in the Upper Arm Cause Greater Reduction in the Carotid-Brachial Stiffness than Those in the Forearm: Study of Gender Differences
Table 1
Clinical characteristics, biochemical and arterial parameter measurements.
CHP AVF at the forearm ()
CHP AVF at the upper arm ()
CHP AVF at the upper arm ()
Females ()
Males ()
Mean ± SD
Mean ± SD
∆% with respect to AVF in the upper arm
Mean ± SD
Mean ± SD
∆% with respect to females
Age (years)
52.2 ± 4.3
51.9 ± 6.3
1
55.3 ± 7.7
45.0 ± 12.1
23
Height (m)
1.63 ± 0.03
1.69 ± 0.03
−3
1.64 ± 0.03
1.77 ± 0.04
−7*
Body weight (kg)
66.8 ± 3.4
62.9 ± 3.6
6
60.2 ± 2.5
68.3 ± 10.0
−12
BMI (kg/m2)
24.9 ± 1.0
22.1 ± 0.9
13
22.3 ± 1.0
21.6 ± 2.2
3
Waist circumference (cm)
91.2 ± 3.9
87.0 ± 2.1
5
87.3 ± 2.3
86.3 ± 4.9
1
Hip circumference (cm)
90.5 ± 1.7
91.4 ± 2.4
−1
90.6 ± 3.3
93.0 ± 3.2
−3
Waist/hip ratio
1.01 ± 0.04
0.96 ± 0.04
6
0.97 ± 0.05
0.93 ± 0.03
5
Hematocrit (%)
32.6 ± 1.5
33.7 ± 1.5
−3
31.9 ± 0.8
37.2 ± 3.9
−14*
Hemoglobin (g/dL)
10.3 ± 0.6
10.9 ± 0.5
−5
10.3 ± 0.4
12.1 ± 1.1
−15*
Serum albumin (g/dL)
4.0 ± 0.1
4.0 ± 0.2
−1
3.9 ± 0.1
4.3 ± 0.5
−10
Calcium (mg/dL)
9.5 ± 0.2
9.3 ± 0.2
2
9.3 ± 0.3
9.2 ± 0.1
1
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)
10.0 ± 0.8
9.7 ± 0.6
3
9.3 ± 0.6
10.6 ± 1.3
−12
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)
5.16 ± 0.41
4.87 ± 0.25
6
4.79 ± 0,29
5.09 ± 0.66
−6
Phosphates (mg/dL)
5.0 ± 0.2
5.2 ± 0.3
−3
5.1 ± 0.4
5.5 ± 0.1
−7
Parathyroid hormone (pg/mL)
393.7 ± 75.0
232.4 ± 46.3
69**
268.2 ± 57.0
160.9 ± 75.3
67*
Serum urea (mg/dL)
152.3 ± 8.8
140.4 ± 10.1
8
132.5 ± 9.6
156.3 ± 23.7
−15
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
175.7 ± 11.3
209.2 ± 23.7
−16
209.0 ± 36.0
209.7 ± 16.5
0
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
40.1 ± 3.5
41.9 ± 2.2
−4
41.2 ± 2.6
43.3 ± 4.9
−5
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
111.4 ± 8.5
119.6 ± 12.5
−7
124.8 ± 15.8
109.0 ± 23.1
15
Total triglycerides (mg/dL)
184.2 ± 26.8
210.8 ± 34.7
−13
196.5 ± 51.8
239.3 ± 19.2
−18
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
128.2 ± 5.16
133.3 ± 6.24
−4
136.7 ± 5.58
126.7 ± 16.67
8
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
73.5 ± 3.53
71.1 ± 4.23
3
73.3 ± 4.94
66.7 ± 8.82
10
Heart rate (beats/min)
85.9 ± 3.35
89.9 ± 4.27
−4
88.0 ± 2.35
93.7 ± 13.45
−6
Carotid-femoral PWV (m/s)
13.5 ± 0.69
14.8 ± 1.16
−9
14.9 ± 1.58
14.4 ± 1.73
4
Mean values ± standard deviation (SD). CHP: chronically hemodialysed patients. AVF: arterio-venous fistula. BMI: body mass index. PWV: pulse wavevelocity measured in carotid-femoral pathway. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN, mg/dl) = urea [mg/dl] divided by 2.14. eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated using the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) formula. with respect to the group with AVF at forearm level. with respect to female group with AVF at upper arm level.
