Incidence and Risk Factors for Early Acute Kidney Injury in Nonsurgical Patients: A Cohort Study
Table 1
Population characteristics.
Variable
Total
Early acute kidney injury
value
(%) or median (IQR)
No ()
Yes ()
Age (years)
65 (49–77)
64 (47–77)
68 (58–81)
0.033
Sex (male)
180 (45)
151 (44.9)
29 (45.3)
0.776
Weight (kg)
64.4 (54.9–75)
64.1 (55–75)
66 (54.4–74.1)
0.993
Anemia
138 (34.5)
111 (33.0)
27 (42.19)
0.158
History of diabetes mellitus
91 (22.7)
69 (20.5)
22 (34.4)
0.015
History of AHT
194 (48.5)
155 (46.1)
39 (60.9)
0.030
History of cirrhosis
10 (2.5)
8 (2.4)
2 (3.13)
0.727
History of heart failure
71 (17.7)
57 (16.9)
14 (21.8)
0.346
History of coronary heart disease
44 (11)
34 (10.1)
10 (15.6)
0.197
History of rheumatologic disease
40 (10)
36 (10.7)
4 (6.3)
0.275
at admission
243 (60.7)
149 (44.3)
19 (29.7)
<0.001
Stage 1 (>90 mL/min/1.73 m2)
6 (1.5)
6 (1.5)
0 (0)
Stage 2 (60–90 mL/min/1.73 m2)
162 (40.5)
143 (42.6)
19 (29.7)
Stage 3 (30–59 mL/min/1.73 m2)
65 (16.2)
46 (13.7)
19 (29.7)
Stage 4 (15–29 mL/min/1.73 m2)
6 (1.5)
1 (0.3)
5 (7.8)
Stage 5 (<15 mL/min/1.73 m2)
4 (1)
2 (0.6)
2 (13.1)
In-hospital treatment with nephrotoxic drugs
376 (94)
315 (93.7)
61 (95.3)
0.630
Contrast
81 (20.2)
68 (20.2)
13 (20.3)
NSAIDs
44 (11)
40 (11.9)
4 (6.3)
Vancomycin
17 (4.2)
14 (4.2)
3 (4.7)
Proton pump inhibitor
314 (78.5)
264 (78.6)
50 (78.1)
Quinolones
2 (0.5)
2 (0.6)
0 (0)
Aminoglycosides
1 (0.25)
0 (0)
1 (1.6)
Polymyxin B
1 (0.25)
1 (0.3)
0 (0)
IECA/ARAII
168 (42)
139 (41.4)
29 (45.3)
Furosemide
125(31.2)
95 (28.3)
30 (46.9)
Potassium-sparing diuretics
32 (8)
26 (7.7)
6 (9.4)
Thiazide diuretics
12 (3)
11 (3.3)
1 (1.6)
Prehospital treatment with potentially nephrotoxic drugs
239 (59.7)
190 (56.5)
49 (76.6)
0.003
Statins
70 (17.5)
61 (18.2)
9 (14.6)
NSAIDs
54 (13.5)
44 (13.1)
10 (15.6)
Quinolones
1 (0.25)
1 (0.3)
0 (0)
Aminoglycosides
1 (0.25)
0 (0)
1 (1.6)
IECA/ARAII
172 (43)
140 (41.7)
32 (50.0)
Furosemide
84 (21)
62 (18.5)
22 (34.4)
Potassium-sparing diuretics
33 (8.25)
28 (8.3)
5 (7.8)
Thiazide diuretics
33 (8.25)
25 (7.4)
8 (12.5)
Primary diagnosis on admission
<0.001
Bacterial infection
172 (43)
149 (44.4)
23 (35.9)
Cardiovascular disease
75 (18.7)
58 (17.3)
17 (26.6)
Chronic pulmonary and pleural disease
59 (14.7)
53 (15.8)
6 (9.4)
Endocrine disease
18 (4.5)
12 (3.6)
6 (9.4)
Venous thromboembolism
19 (4.7)
13 (3.9)
6 (9.4)
57 (14.2)
51 (15.2)
6 (9.4)
Hydrated
119 (29.7)
104 (30.9)
15 (23.4)
0.228
159 (39.7)
137 (40.8)
22 (34.4)
0.338
Nephrotic syndrome
4 (1)
2 (0.6)
2 (3.1)
0.062
Isolated proteinuria
51 (12.7)
40 (11.9)
11 (17.2)
0.246
Days of hospital stay
7 (4–11)
6 (4–10)
8 (5–14)
0.009
ICU requirement
34 (8.5)
25 (7.4)
9 (14.1)
0.082
Renal replacement therapy
4 (1)
1 (0.3)
3 (4.7)
<0.001
Condition on discharge (death)
30 (7.5)
16 (4.8)
14 (21.9)
<0.001
using the chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation and classified based on NFK-KDOQI guideline. gastrointestinal disease, rheumatologic disease, glomerular and tubulointerstitial disease, nonneoplastic hematologic disease, solid tumors and hematological malignancies, and viral infections. as systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) with septic focus.
