High Incidence of Moderately Reduced Renal Function and Lead Bioaccumulation in Agricultural Workers in Assin South District, Ghana: A Community-Based Case-Control Study

Table 4

Heavy metal levels in the serum of participants.

	Cases (N = 81)	Controls (N = 61)	value
Lead (Pb)			<0.0001^z
Detectable	45 (55.6)	10 (16.4)
Undetectable	36 (44.4)	51 (83.6)
Arsenic (As)
Detectable	43 (53.1)	6 (9.8)	<0.0001^z
Undetectable	38 (46.9)	55 (90.2)
Cadmium (Cd)
Detectable	1 (1.2)	0 (0)
Undetectable	80 (99.8)	61 (100)
Serum levels of heavy metals (mg/L)
Pb	1.180	0.2782	0.0003^†
As	0.09023	0.09383	0.8964^†

^zProportions compared using the chi-square test; ^†median compared using the Mann–Whitney U test.