Sinonasal Malignancies and Charged Particle Radiation Treatment: A Systematic Literature Review

Table 2

Radiation therapy details of reports regarding patients with sinonasal malignancies treated with protons or ions.

Reference	Particle	Particle median total dose in Gy (RBE) (range)	Particle median dose per fraction in Gy (RBE) (range)	Particle fractions a week	RBE	Photon median total dose in Gy (range)	Photon median dose per fraction in Gy (range)	Median total dose in Gy (RBE) (range)
Castro et al., 1994 [40]	Helium ions	65 (60–80)	2.0 (na)	4	1.3 (1.6 CNS)	na	na	65 (60–80)
Tokuuye et al., 2004 [42]	Protons	42 (16–81)	2.5 (1.6–6.0)	na	1.0	40 (22–75)	1.8 (1.7–2)	72 (42–98)
Mizoe et al., 2004 [31]	Carbon ions	Study A^1: 59.4 (48.6–70.2); Study B^1: 57.6 (52.8–64.0)	Study A: 3.3 (2.7–3.9); Study B: 3.6 (3.3–4.0)	Study A: 3; Study B: 4	3.0	—	—	Study A: 59.4 (48.6–70.2); Study B: 57.6 (52.8–64.0)
Resto et al., 2008 [43]	Protons	Median proton %: 57.1 (22.9–84.8)		na	na	BID: 82 (80%)		71.6 (55.4–79.4)
Zenda et al., 2011 [44]	Protons	65 (60–70)	2.5 (2–4)	na	1.1	—	—	65 (60–70)
Malyapa et al., 2010 [39]	Protons	R0: 68.4–69.6; R+, Bx: 74.4	1.2 BID	na	na	—	—	R0: 68.4–69.6; R+, Bx: 74.4

¹Study A: phase 1/2 dose escalation study with 10% dose increment, in 18 fractions for 6 weeks. Study B: phase 1/2 dose escalation study with 10% dose increment in 16 fractions in 4 weeks. Data from both studies refers to a wider group of head and neck patients.
RBE: relative biologic effectiveness, CNS: central nervous system, BID: bis in die, R0: negative resection margins, R+: positive resection margin, Bx: biopsy, na: not available.