Assessment of Single-Word Production for Children under Three Years of Age: Comparison of Children with and without Cleft Palate

Table 2

Mean and standard deviation for PEEPS measures for children with and without cleft palate and statistical comparisons.

Measure	NC		Cleft		𝑡-test	𝑃	𝑑^∗
	Mean	SD*	Mean	SD*
Phonetic Inventory
No. Consonants	65.9	11.5	25.8	15.7	9.88	≤0.001	2.91
No. Initial Cons	14.6	2.5	6.9	3.3	8.66	≤0.001	2.65
No. Medial/Final Cons	14.0	2.7	4.0	3.0	11.37	≤0.001	3.47
Syllable Structure
Initial Clusters	1.3	0.7	0.4	0.7	4.58	≤0.001	1.38
Accuracy
PCC-Total	86.5	15.1	34.9	20.2	9.83	≤0.001	2.89
PCC-Nasals	97.9	5.2	66.9	25.7	5.05	≤0.001	1.67
PCC-Glides	78.1	42.0	69.2	48.0	0.58	0.567	0.19
PCC-Stops	96.0	6.0	47.3	25.2	8.05	≤0.001	2.65
PCC-Fricative	94.5	8.0	29.6	11.8	14.76	≤0.001	4.72
PCC-Affricates	79.7	33.3	11.8	28.1	7.54	≤0.001	2.20
PCC-Liquids	84.3	16.1	24.1	18.8	11.44	≤0.001	3.43
Error Analysis
% Word Errors	10.7	9.8	76.3	17.0	−15.69	≤0.001	−4.72
% Substitutions	3.5	3.7	23.9	13.9	−6.44	≤0.001	−2.00
% Omissions	2.3	3.5	16.6	13.9	−4.54	≤0.001	−1.42

* Note. SD: Standard deviation, 𝑑: Cohen’s.