Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Vowels in Cleft Palate Children with or without Hypernasality

Table 1

First zero-crossing points of autocorrelation and estimated embedding dimensions.

	𝑛	/a/	/i/	/u/	/e/	/o/
Hypernasality (+)	6	15.2±3.4	31.5±5.8	25.8±3.4	20.7±3.6	22.7±10.7
		4.4±0.6	4.4±0.9	4.6±1.1	4.4±0.6	4.8±1.3
Hypernasality (−)	6	14.8±5.6	32.0±8.4	28.5±9.0	22.5±5.9	19.7±4.4
		6.0±1.2	5.8±1.3	5.2±1.6	5.8±1.3	6.2±1.8
P value		0.429	1.000	0.931	0.931	0.662
		0.063	0.190	0.286	0.063	0.111
Total	12	15.0±4.4	31.8±5.4	27.2±6.6	21.6±4.7	21.2±8.0
		5.2±1.3	5.1±1.4	4.8±1.4	5.1±1.3	5.4±1.7

Upper column: first zero-crossing points of autocorrelation (unit point; 1 point = 1/44.1 msec.),
lower column: estimated embedding dimensions.